Consmat M1

Most commonly used for construction, especially in rural areas for buildings with historical or cultural significance.

can be: natural or man-made

traditional construction materials

Materials or supply brought to the site by the contractor or a subcontractor for incorporation into the building or work.

construction materials

materials can be traced to as early as ______

400 BC

Newer materials which provide innovative solutions for construction challenges, such as strength, durability, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness

advance or modern construction materials

importance of construction materials

1. strength and durability

2. safety

3. aesthetics

4. cost effectiveness

5. sustainability

6. innovation

types of construction materials

1. wood

2. stone

3. concrete

4. brick

5. glass

6. plastics

7. asphalt

A natural and renewable material, commonly used in construction for its durability, strength, and aesthetic appeal. Commonly used for framing and finishing

wood

Natural and durable material, it is used for its
aesthetic appeal and resistance to weather and fire. It is often used for walls, flooring, and decorative features, and can be cut and polished for a smooth finish

stone

A composite material made of cement, aggregates, and
water. It is used for its strength, durability, and versatility. It can be used for foundations, walls, floors, and bridges, and can be reinforced with steel to increase its strength

concrete

A high-strength material, steel is used for its durability,
resistance to weather and fire, and versatility in construction. It is often used for structural framing, roofing, and cladding, and can be recycled for sustainability

steel

It is commonly used for its durability, insulation, and fire resistance. It is often used for walls, chimneys, and decorative features, and can be made in various sizes
and colors

bricks

A transparent material, it is used for its aesthetic appeal, natural light, and energy efficiency. It can be used for windows, doors, facades, and decorative features, and can be tempered or laminated
for safety.

glass

A versatile and lightweight material, these are used for their insulation, moisture resistance, and flexibility. They can be used for piping, insulation, roofing, and structural elements, and can be made from recycled materials for sustainability

plastics

A petroleum-based material, it is used for its flexibility. It is often used for paving roads, parking lots, and durability, waterproofing, and driveways, and can be recycled for sustainability

asphalts

Mechanical properties of construction materials

1. hardness

2. toughness

3. ductility

4. stiffness

5. durability

6. elasticity

Determines how construction materials behave under different loads and environmental conditions, they are essential in selecting the right material for safe and durable materials

mechanical properties of construction materials

ability to resist indentation

hardness

ability to absorb energy and plastic deformation without fracturing

toughness

ability to deform in plastic range without breaking

ductility

ability to resist deformation within linear range

stiffness

ability to last over time without wearing or significant detoriation

durability

property of material which makes it return to its original dimension when the load is removed

elasticity

It determines how construction materials interact with chemical substances and environmental conditions. These properties affect the durability, safety, and service of life of structures

Chemical properties of construction materials

Chemical properties of construction materials

1. corrosion resistance

2. fire resistance

3. chemical resistance

it is the ability to withstand corrosion damage caused by oxidation

corrosion resistance

ability to prevent or delays the passage of excessive heat and fire

fire resistance

ability to withstand the action of acids, alkali, seawater, and gases

chemical resistance

It describes the inherent characteristics of materials that can be measured or observed without changing their chemical composition

1. density

2. specific gravity

3. dimension

4. porosity

5. void radio

6. water absorption

Two types of testing construction materials

1. destructive testing

2. non-destructive testing

It is the evaluation that determines how a component will behave under pressure

destructive testing

It is the evaluation that determines how a component will behave without permanently damaging the object

non-destructive testing

Types of destructive testing

1. compression test

2. tensile

3. flexural test

Determine the max compressive stress that a construction material can withstand before failure, crushing, or significant deformation occurs

compression tests

Determines the tensile strength, yield strength, and ductility of a metallic material by subjecting a standardized specimen to an increasing uniaxial tensile load until yielding and eventual fracture occur

tensile test

Determines the flexural strength of concrete by applying a transverse load to an unrecorded concrete beam until it cracks and fail in bending. The test measures the concretes resistance to tensile stresses developed at the bottom of the beam

flexural test

Test on aggregates

1. sieve analysis

2. water absorption

3. aggregate impact value

4. aggregate abrasion value

5. aggregate cruising

6. bulk density / unit weight

Test on bitumen

1. bitumen content

2. flash and fire point

3. penetration

4. softening point

5. specific gravity

6. ductility

7. marshall stability

Test on cement

1. finest test

2. soundness test (le chatelier method)

3. consistency test (vicat apparatus)

4. setting time test (vicat apparatus)

Test on concrete

1. compression strength

2. flexural strength

3. rebound hammer

4. ultrasonic pulse velocity

Test on steel reinforcements

1. tensile strength test

2. band test

3. re-bend test

4. shear test

5. brinell hardness test

6. impact test (charpy)

7. torsion test

Mixture of sand, gravel, crushed stone, or other mineral materials used in construction

aggregate

Classification of aggregates

1. natural aggregate

2. artificial aggregate

Petrological characteristics

1. igneous rocks

2. sedimentary rocks

3. metamorphic rocks

Formed by solidification of molten lava (granite)

igneous rocks

obtained by deposition of weathered & transported pre-existing rocks or solutions (limestone)

sedimentary rocks

Formed under high heat & pressure alteration of either igneous or sedimentary rocks (marble)

metamorphic rocks

SG of heavy weight aggregates

>2.8

SG of normal weight aggregates

>2.4 but <2.8

SG of light weight aggregates

<2.4

Classification of aggregates

1. fine aggregates (<=5mm)

2. coarse aggregates (>5mm)

Aggregates containing a whole range of particles are named as ____

all-in or pit-run

Particle shape of aggregates

1. rounded

2. irregular

3. angular

4. flaky

5. elongated

Surface texture of aggregates

1. smooth surface

2. rough surface

3. very rough/vesicular surface

Is the particle-size distribution of an aggregate as determined by a sieve analysis

grading

Factors affecting desired grading

1. source of aggregates

2. types of aggregates

3. maximum size of aggregates

4. proportion of fine to coarse aggregates

5. method of processing

6. degree of segregation

7. transportation and handling

8. quality control and testing

It is the ratio of the weight of a unit volume of material to the weight of the same volume of water at 20deg to 25degC

specific gravity

The aggregate contains no moisture. This requires drying the aggregate in an oven to a constant mass

bone dry or oven dry

The aggregates blood are filled with moisture but the main surface area of the aggregate particle is dry

saturated surface dry (ssd)

Defined as the moisture content in the SSD production

absorption

Have a moisture content in excess of the SSD condition

moist aggregates

The difference between the actual moisture content of the aggregate and moisture content in SSD condition

free moisture

SG and absorption of COARSE aggregates step by step procedure

1. immerse in water

2. remove and surface dry

3. weigh SSD

4. weigh in water

5. oven dry to constant weight (110+-5degC)

SG and absorption of FINE aggregates step by step procedure

1. soak the sample

2. bring to SSD condition

3. weigh in pycnometer (aggregate+water)

4. weigh pycnometer with water only

5. oven dry to constant weight

The ability of aggregates to resist volume changes to environmental effects

soundness

Inventor of Portland Cement

Joseph Aspdin

Hollow (or solid) masonry units used for interior/exterior bearing or non-bearing walls, partitions, and backing

concrete masonry walls (cmu)

Last step in concrete project

Curing

Sack used in curing

Burlap sack