Fun Phys Exam 3

food and internal metabolism

where do hydrogen ions come from in the body

amino acids and fatty acids

what types of foods give off acids

severe anaerobic exercise

DM

respiration

what can produce excessive acid

respiration (CO2)

where is the largest production of acid from

fruits and vegetables

what foods contain anions that metabolize into bicarb (base)

buffers

ventilation

renal regulation

what are the 3 pH balance mechanisms

acidosis due to increased CO2

what is the effect of hypoventilation

alkalosis due to blowing off of CO2

what is the effect of hyperventilation

bicarbonate

what ion is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys in order to regulate pH

they are filtered from the blood into the urine

how are hydrogen ions transported within the kidneys to regulate pH

phosphate and ammonia

what are the buffers within the urine that help to prevent dangerous level of acidity

conservation and generation of bicarb

excretion of hydrogen

what is the kidneys response to acidosis

reduce hydrogen secretion

excretion of bicarb

what is the kidneys response to alkalosis

death

what can happen if pH becomes <7 or >7.8

neural depression and muscle paralysis

what are the neural consequences of acidity

neural hyper-excitability and muscle spasms

what are the neural consequences of alkalosis

CO2 retention due to hypoventilation in COPD/emphysema

what is the cause of respiratory acidosis

dietary and metabolic hydrogen

what can cause metabolic acidosis

respiratory (increase ventilation) and renal compensations (excretion of hydrogen and retention of bicarb)

what systems can compensate for acidosis due to a metabolic cause

hyperventilation resulting in decreased CO2

excessive artificial ventilation

what can cause respiratory alkalosis

vomiting

ingestion of bicarb/antacids

what are two common causes of metabolic alkalosis

hypoventilation

what will be the respiratory compensation to metabolic alkalosis

decreased water excretion

increased water reabsorption

increased BP

what happens when ADH is released

when the body needs more water and BP is low

when is ADH released

sodium

what ion does water follow back into the body when ADH is present

they are inserted by ADH into the collecting ducts, which increases the permeability to water

what is the purpose of aquaporins

sodium

potassium

bicarbonate

which essential ions are regulated by the kidneys

the ion regulates fluid levels and blood pressure

what is the purpose of sodium regulation

aldosterone

which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium in response to low BP

urea

creatinine

uric acid

excess acids and ions

metabolites and toxins

what waste products are removed by the kidneys

fluid and sodium balance

RAAS

what are the key mechanisms of blood pressure control

the kidneys release renin

what is the response of the RAAS when blood pressure drops

angiotensin 2

what chemical is produced due to renin release and reaction

constriction of blood vessels and increase in BP

what is the effect of angiotensin 2

changes in oxygen levels in the blood

what stimulates erythropoiesis

there are specialized proteins present when oxygen is plentiful

how do the kidneys sense hypoxia

erythropoiten production

what does the kidney do to stimulate RBC production

calcitrol

what does vitamin D turn into in the kidneys

electrolytes and fluids

Kidneys roles: balance...

filtration and excretion

Kidneys roles: remove toxins, water, urea, and creatinine from blood via...

renin production

fluid management

Kidneys roles: control BP through...

erythropoietin production

Kidneys roles: regulates RBCs via...

pH

Kidneys roles: regulates ___

cortex

what is this part

renal columns

the cortex encloses the medulla and creates...

medulla

what is this part

nephrons

what is the name of the filtration unit of the kidney and gives a granular appearance to the kidneys

renal papillae

renal pelvis

ureters

bladder

what is the flow of urine as it moves from the kidney to the bladder

a renal corpuscle and renal tubule

what composes a nephron

proximal tubule

nephron loop

distal tubules

what are the three sections of the renal tubule

to increase length

what is the purpose of the convolutions in the nephron tubules

collecting ducts

where does the renal tubule empty into

reabsorption of water, ions and nutrients

what occurs in the proximal convoluted rena tubule

glomerulus

what is linked to each renal tubule/bowmans capsule

a tangled cluster of capillaries in the renal corpuscle

what is the glomerulus

flow from afferent end to efferent end of the glomerulus

what keeps the pressure high within the glomerulus

reabsorption of water and solutes from the renal tubules

what is the purpose of the efferent glomerulus arterioles branching into peri-tubular capillaries

electrolyte levels directly impact cardiac and skeletal muscle excitability

why do PTs need to know about fluid and electrolyte imbalance

fatigue, neuropathy and cognitive changes associated with systemic toxicity

what are possible consequences of waste accumulation associated with poor kidney function

it stimulates RBC production which influences oxygen carrying capacity

how does erythropoietin secreted by the kidneys affect aerobic capacity and exercise tolerance

reabsorption

how does the kidney reclaim filtered bicarb from the tubules to the blood

they pump excess fluid from the blood into the tubules to make urine

how do the kidneys participate in preventing acidic blood

hydrostatic pressure in the arterial system pushes solutes through the membranes of the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule

what occurs during glomerular filtration

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

what term describes the volume of filtrate that forms every minute as blood flows through the glomerulus

net filtration pressure

GFR is directly proportional to

kidney disease screening

what is GFR rate used to test

renal autoregulation

what internal mechanism regulates GFR

nervous and endocrine systems (BP)

what external mechanism regulates GFR

movement of substances from the tubes to the blood

what is the process of tubular reabsorption

bodily needs

what determines which substances are reabsorbed from the tubules

urine

what is leftover after the needed substances are reabsorbed back into the blood

proximal

which area of the renal tubules is most active in reabsorption

movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules

what is secretion

disposal and elimination of substances

removing potassium

controlling pH

tubular secretion is important for which processes

filtration, reabsorption and secretion

urine is made of the products of...

water

urea

uric acid

amino acids/electrolytes

urine is composed of

renal clearance

what term refers to the volume of plasma the kidneys are able to remove a particular substance over a specific time period

micturition

what is the process of expelling urine from the bladder

detrusor muscle contraction

external urethral sphincter relaxes

what occurs in order to perform micturition

40%

60%

____% of cells in the NS are nerve cells, ___% are glial cells

the respond to stimuli, conduct electrical pulses, and communicate with each other

what is the purpose of a nerve cell

support nerve cells, create myelin, and guide development of nerves

what is the purpose of a glial cell

cell body, dendrites, axon, and presynaptic terminal

what are the parts of a neuron

axon hillock

what is the name of the area on a nerve that decides if an AP will be produced in an axon

a synapse

what is the contact point between 2 neurons called

sodium potassium pump

what is the name for the pump that maintains resting potential by active transport of NA+ and K+

action potential

a rapid change in membrane potential that occurs when neurons get stimulated

saltatory conduction

when action potentials jump from node of ranvier to node of ranvier, the mode of transport is called

myelination

what creates the nodes of ranvier

increases

what does myelination do to conduction speed?

neruotransmitters and neruomodulators

what are the types of neuromessengers?

chemicals released at the synapse that are excitatory or inhibitory, cause a very quick response

what are neurotransmitters

chemicals released outside of the synapse, their changes are slower and effect gene expression and alter metabolism

what are neuromodulators

glutamate

what is a main excitatory neurotransmitter

central and peripheral

what are the 2 anatomical divisions of the nervous system

brain and spinal cord

the central NS includes the....

skull and vertebral column

the CNS is covered by the...

gray matter: cell bodies and glial cells

white matter: axons and glial cells

what is the gray matter and white matter in the CNS

spinal nerves and cranial nerves except 2

what are the contents of the PNS

has to enter/exit the skull or spinal column

what defines a component of the PNS