Wildlife - Forestry

SPRUCE

Square, stiff, sharply pointed

FIR

Flat, soft, not rollable

HEMLOCK

Flat, soft, short petioles

PINE

In bundles of 2, 3, 5

PINE Cones

Woody, large, scales

FIR Cones

Upright, disintegrated while still attached

SPRUCE Cones

Hang down, papery scales

CEDAR Cones

Small, round (look like tiny roses)

JUNIPER Cones

Look like berries

PINE Bark

Scaly, plated, reddish/gray

FIR Bark

Smooth with resin blisters, more furrowed with age

SPRUCE Bark

Scaly, flaky bark

CEDAR Bark

Fibrous, reddish bark, peels in long strips

Trunk

Center of trunk

Heartwood

Densest part of the trunk, typically darkest in color, inactive xylem cells

Sapwood (Xylem)

Transports sap to the roots and crown, young wood, light colored

Cambium

Outer growth layer that creates the xylem and phloem

Phloem

Transports sugar from leaves to roots

Outer Bark

Protective layer from excessive heat, insects, animals, diseases

Growth rings

New, visible sapwood rings

Medullary Ray (Wood Ray)

Living cells that run across growth rings

Tap Root

Stability and absorption source of all roots

Lateral roots

Grow outward, absorbs water and nutrients

Oblique/heart roots

Grow diagonally

Sinker roots

Grow down from lateral roots

Fine roots

Develop on all other root types, house mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae

A mutualistic fungi that helps with nutrient absorption (specifically phosphorus)

Silviculture

The science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition health, and quality of forests

Arboriculture

The care and management of trees for ornamental purposes

Shelterwood Cutting

Taking out trees yet leaving the mature trees that are seeding/can re-seed the area

Diameter-Limit Cutting

All trees of the minimum are harvested, sets a diameter and all trees bigger than that are taken out

Selection Cutting

Happens when the lot has different aged trees, best done by informed forestry

Salvage Harvesting

Occurs after a natural disaster typically, floods kill trees, tornadoes, hurricanes, etc