Psychology Test 2

According to J. A. Portellano (2005), what is memory?

Memory is a neurocognitive function

Allows us to record, encode, consolidate, retain, store, recover and evoke previously stored information

In the first memory exercise, why might meaningful words such as BASKET, JAPANESE, and MONEY be easier to remember than letter groups such as BST, JPN, and MNY?

According to the presentation, what three things is the corpus callosum key to?

-Have sufficient attention.

- Interpret the message, organize the information.

-Has cognitive maturation according to the complexity

of the concept.

What did Ebbinghaus’s experiment with “nonsense syllables” show about forgetting after 48 hours?

75% are forgotten of what was learned after 48 hours.

What happens to the forgetting curve with each review, and what can happen to the intervals between reviews according to Landauer and Bjork?

The forgetting curve is fading witheach review (Salisbury, 1990).

According to Landauer and Bjork the intervals between reviews can get longer and

longer.

Name the three memory types shown in the Memory Types diagram.

Sensory Memory

Short Term Memory

Long Term Memory

Define short-term memory. About how long does it typically retain information?

Short-term memory (short-term storage,) primary memory, or active memory.

Different systems of memory involved in retaining pieces of information, or memory chunks

Typically up to 30 seconds.

The short-term memory diagram divides it into two forms. What are they?

Define long-term memory. How much information can it hold and for how long?

Complete the long-term memory organization shown in the presentation: distinguish explicit (declarative) from implicit (non-declarative) memory, and name the two types listed under each.

Explain the difference between anterograde and retrograde memory. What brain area is especially mentioned in connection with these memory problems?

Explain the difference between anterograde and retrograde memory. What brain area is especially mentioned in connection with these memory problems?

Put the four steps of sensation in order and briefly explain each: stimulus, receptors, transduction, and transmission

Define absolute threshold and difference threshold (JND). How are they different?

What is sensory adaptation? Give one example from the presentation.

Trace the path of visual information using these structures: cornea/lens, retina, optic nerve, and occipital lobe. State the role of each.

Why does the red dot disappear during the blind-spot demonstration?

Compare trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory of color vision. Include the

cone/wavelength information and the opposing color pairs shown in the presentation.

For hearing, explain what frequency, amplitude, localization, and the cochlea are associated with.

What does the McGurk Effect demonstrate about the way the brain processes information from different senses?

List the five tastes presented in class. Then explain the role of smell in flavor.

Differentiate touch, proprioception, nociception, and vestibular sense

Explain the five Gestalt/perceptual organization principles in the presentation: figure-ground, proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure.

Compare bottom-up processing with top-down processing. Give the example provided for each.

Define selective attention and inattentional blindness. How did the Invisible Gorilla demonstration illustrate these concepts?

Define consciousness and explain why understanding consciousness is important in psychology.

Differentiate conscious, subconscious, and unconscious using the descriptions from the presentation.

What are altered states of consciousness? Name the examples listed in the presentation, and identify factors that can affect consciousness.

Compare REM and non-REM sleep. What three functions of sleep are listed in the presentation?

Choose TWO dream themes from the presentation (falling, flying, being chased, losing teeth, water, being late, or being naked in public). For each one, explain the interpretations/perspectives given in the slides.

Premonitory dreams were discussed from scientific, cultural, and Jungian perspectives. Summarize what each perspective says.

Define hypnosis. What common myth about hypnosis is rejected in the presentation, and what therapeutic uses are listed?

Define meditation. Name the two types listed and the three main benefits identified in the presentation.

What are psychoactive drugs? Classify the examples in the presentation as stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens, and describe how these categories can affect consciousness.

What risks and social issues related to psychoactive drugs are identified in the presentation?