Anatomy 2 Quiz 2 Endocrine; Posterior Pituitary, Glucose Control

oxytocin and ADH

2 hormones that are produced in hypothalamus that are stored in posterior pituitary

oxytocin

hormone that causes contraction of uterus in labor, expulsion of milk when lactating, and stimulation of sensory nerves in sex.

ADH

hormone released in response to increased osmolality of plasma (increase in solute in plasma), increases water retention in body, prevents peeing

osmolarity

In plasma, the amount of solutes per L; measure of hydration status

osmolality

In plasma, the amount of solutes per kg

300 mOsm/kg

Normal osmolality level

high

level of ADH when body is dehydrated, more water is absorbed so darker urine, and more pee prevention

low

level of ADH when body is hydrated, less pee prevention, lighter urine because less water absorbed

aquaporin ducts

structure in renal collecting ducts that are opened by ADH

panhypopituarism

condition when woman in childbirth loses lots of blood, and therefore loses a lot of oxygen from red blood cells, effecting her high metabolic sites in the body. Primarily causes difficulties breathing feeding, along with excessive fatigue (no energy/metabolism for much needed systems postpartum).

glycolysis

Beginning stage of cellular respiration in cytoplasm that breaks glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvate (3C), how red blood cells get glucose/energy from blood because they have no mitochondria. Makes ATP and NADH too.

glycogenesis

Converts glucose into glycogen for storage in liver and muscles, mostly when levels are abundant like after a meal.

glycogenolysis

Breaks down stored glycogen into smaller glucose molecules when energy is needed

liver

glycogenolysis in this organ maintains blood sugar levels

skeletal muscles

glycolgenolysis in this organ supplies glucose-6-phosphate for its own ATP.

gluconeogenesis

synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate materials like lactate, glycerol, and amino acids in liver, used when glycogen runs out and energy is needed.

5, 5.7-6.4, 6.5+

HbA1C level: normal, pre diabetes, and diabetes

99 or below, 100-125, 126+

fasting glucose level: normal, pre diabetes, and diabetes

139 or less, 140-199, 200+

glucose tolerance test level: normal, pre diabetes, and diabetes

neuronal transmission, strengthen bones, enzymes, muscle contraction

4 functions of Ca2+

parathyroid hormone

key regulator that responds to low levels of calcium and increases it

calcitonin

key regulator that responds to high levels of calcium and decreases it

parafollicle cells, thyroid

calcitonin is released from ________ in the _________

vitamin d

mineral that resorbs calcium from digestive tract, needs 2 hydroxyl groups that it gets from liver and kidneys respectively.

hypocalcemia

decreased calcium in the blood, characterized by muscle cramps and increased neuromuscular excitability

vitamin D deficiency, kidney/liver failure, parathyroid destruction

3 causes of hypocalcemia

bone

One place PTH goes when calcium is low to absorb more calcium

kidneys

One place PTH goes when calcium is low to increase vitamin D storage which will then act on the gut to absorb more calcium

hypercalcemia

high levels of calcium in blood

kidney stones, bone fractures, constipation, psychiatric symptoms

4 symptoms of hypercalcemia

High PTH, Tumor, kidney excretion issues, high vitamin D

4 causes of hypercalcemia

bones

one place calcitonin goes when calcium is high to push it back into here

kidneys

one place calcitonin goes when calcium is high to reduce uptake/absorption of calcium

ADH

hormone released when sodium levels are high from posterior pituitary

capillaries

provide filtration and absorption of interstitial fluid, always fresh oxygen and nutrients delivered

40%

percent of fluid in body that is intracellular

20%

percent of fluid in body that is extracellular

aldosterone

hormone released from outer cortex of adrenal gland when sodium is low, allows for sodium resorption in kidneys and potassium excretion

zona glomerulosa, aldosterone,

Most superficial layer of adrenal cortex is _______, which produces ________

zona fasciculata, cortisol

Middle layer of adrenal cortex is _______, which produces ________

zona reticularis, androgens

Deepest layer of adrenal cortex is _______, which produces ________

cortisol

hormone that controls fight/flight initially, longer term increases glucose by mobilization of resources and decreases uptake where not needed (which provides energy).

Cushing syndrome

Chronic hypercortisolism, weight gain in midsection but skinny arms and legs, buffalo hump, diabetes from hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, immune suppression

addison’s disease

chronic hypocortisolism, low blood pressure, low glucose, bronze pigmentation, weight loss