Life 103 exam 3

What are the two major groups of opisthokonta?

Choanoflagellates and Metazoa

What differentiates choanoflagellates and metazoa?

Choanoflagellates are unicellular; metazoa is multi

What are the two major groups of Metazoa?

Porifera and Eumetazoa

What differentiates Porifera and Eumetazoa?

Eumetazoa have true tissues and are symmetrical; porifera are not

What are the three major groups of Eumetazoa?

Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Bilateria

What differentiates Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and Bilateria?

Bilateria are bilaterally symmetrical; Ctenophora and Cnidaria are not; Cnidaria and Bilateria are more related than Bilateria and Ctenophora

What are the two major groups of Bilateria?

Deuterostomes and Protostomes

What differentiates Deuterostomes and Protostomes?

Deutorostomes form anus first; Protostomes form mouth first in embryonic state

What are the two major groups of Protostomes?

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

What differentiates Lophotrocozoa and Ecdysozoa?

Ecdysozoa molts; Lophotrochozoa doesn’t

Lophotorchozoa has a lophophore or trochophore and spiral cleavage

What are the fiver major groups of Lophotrochozoa?

Brachiopods, Bryozoans, Platyhelmenthes, Mollusca, Annelids

What are the three major groups of Mollusca?

Bivalves, Cephalopods, Gastropods

What are the two major groups of ecdysozoa?

Arthropods and Nematodes

What are the four major groups of Arthropods?

Crustacea, Chelicerata, Hexapoda, and Myriapoda

What are the two major groups of deuterostomes?

Echinoderms and Chordata

What differentiates chordata and echinoderms?

Chordates have:
1. Hollow dorsal nerve cord
2. Notochord
3. Pharengeal slits/gills
4. Postanal tail

; echinoderms don’t

What are the three major groups of chordates?

Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrates

What are the seven major groups of vertebrates?

1. Hagfish/lamprey (jawless fishes),

2. Chondrichtheys (Cartilagenous fishes)

3. Ray finned fish

4. Lobe finned fish

5. Amphibia

6. Reptilia

7. Mammalia

What are the three major groups of amphibia?

Apoda, Caudata, Anura

What are the four major groups of reptiles?

Chelonia, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, Crocodilians

What are the two major groups of Crocodilians?

Crocodilians and Aves

What are the two major groups of Mammals?

Monotremes and Viviparous

Describe Annelids + give example

Segmented worms; earthworms

Describe Mollusca + give example

Weird slimy creatures that have

1. Mantle

2. Radula

3. Muscular foot

4. Visceral Mass

Snails

Describe Platyhelmenthes + give example

No body cavity; flatworms

Describe Bryozoans

Colonially organized anemone looking thing that’s horseshoe shaped

Describe Brachiopods

Shelled like a clam but is symmetrical on top and bottom

Describe Bivalves

Mollusca - Left-right symmetry of the shell

Describe Cephalopods

Mollusca - Marine predators like squids

Describe Gastropods

Mollusca - Terrestrial mostly creatures like slugs and snails

Describe Arthropods

Jointed appendages

Segmented bodies

Exoskeleton

Describe Nematodes

No appendages

Unsegmented

Ecdyse

Some cause disease

Describe Crustacea

Mandible mouthparts and biamous appendages and crablike

Describe Chelicerata

Chelicerae mouthparts; pincers or fangs

Cephalothorax + abdomen

Describe Hexapoda

3 regioned bodies

Unamous

insects live here

Describe myriapoda

a million legs

centipedes and milipedes

Centipedes vs Milipedes

Milipedes have 2 legs per segment; cetipedes have one

Describe cephalochordata + give example

Bury themselves in sediment, lancelets

Describe Urochordata + give example

Have the features of chordates as larvae, tunicates

Describe vertabrates

Have a vertebral collumn (+endoskeleton), cephalization

Example of jawless fishes

Hagfish and lamprey

Describe chondrichthyes + example

Cartilagenous fishes, sharks

Describe ray finned fish + give example

Skeletal fishies with bony structures in fins, trout or like anything else

Describe lobe finned fish + give example

fleshy fins, lunglike structures, coelacanths

Describe amphibia

4 limbs, cold blooded, amphibians bro you know this

Describe reptilia

amniotic eggs, cold blooded, you know this bro

Describe mammilia

Milk and mammary glands, you also know this

What is Anura?

Amphibians; frogs and toads

What is Caudata?

Amphibians; salamanders

What is Apoda?

Amphibians; caecelians

What is chelonia?

Reptiles; turtles and tortises

What is Squamata?

Reptiles; snakes and lizards

What is Rhynchocephalia?

Reptiles; Tuataras

What are Crocodilians?

Reptiles; Crocodiles and Aligators

What are Aves?

Reptiles; Birds

What are Monotremes?

Egg-laying mammals (platypus)

What are Placentals?

Live birth mammals

Describe primates

Binocular vision and grasping hands

Describe Hominins

Bipedal primates

Describe Hominids

Apes

What are anthropoids?

Humans!

What groups are jawed animals?

Cartilagenous fishes, ray finned fish, lobe finned fish, amphibia, reptilia, mammalia

What animals are tetrapods?

Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

What animals are amniotes?

Reptiles (+birds) and mammals

What kind of organisms are Porifera?

Sponges

What kind of organisms are ctenophora?

Comb jellies

What kind of organisms are cnidarians?

Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

What are the cnidarian body forms?

Polyp - sessile and mouth up

Medusa - mobile and mouth down

What are nematocytes?

Jellyfish stingers

Nematocyte = cell

Nematocyst = organelle that stabs with venom

What are the three tissue layers of a triploblastic organism?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Describe what the endoderm is

Digestive system

Describe what the ectoderm is

Body covering and nervous system

Describe what the mesoderm is

Skeletal and musclar systems

What’s a blastopore?

The first opening in an embryonic organism, turns to mouth or anus (forms digestive tract)

What does it mean to be an acoelomate?

No body cavity

Example of an acoelomate

Platyhelmenthes (flatworms)

What does it mean to be a pseudocoelomate?

A body cavity develops between the endoderm and the mesoderm

What’s an example of an oragnism with a pseudocoelom?

Nematodes (roundworms)

What does it mean to be a coelomate?

Having a true coelom; a body cavity in the mesoderm

What is an example of a coelomate?

Annelids (earthworms)

What’s the function of a body cavity?

Cushion and protect organs, allowing them to shift in place

Hydrostatic skeleton for movement in soft bodied animals

What’s the first developmental difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

Protostomes form mouth first

Deuterostomes form anus first

What’s the second developmental difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

Protostomes have sprial cleavage in cell division

Deuterostomes have radial cleavage in cell division

Describe what spiral cleavage means

the X between four cells shifts into a t shape when new cells are born

Describe what radial cleavage means

The X between four cells stays as an X when new cells are born

What’s the third developmental difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?

Protostomes have determinant development

Deuterostomes have indeterminant development

What’s a lophophore?

Tentacles around the mouth in a bilaterally symmetrical shape like a U to assist in feeding

What are some organisms that have locophores?

Bryozoans and brachiopods

What’s a trochophore?

A larval form of an organism that swims around with weird cilia things

What’s an example of an organism that has a trochophore?

Marine mollusks

What’s the body plan of mollusks?

Mantle - tissue layer that secretes shell

Foot - muscle for movement that can divide into tentacles

Visceral mass - clumped organs

Gills - repsiration or filter feeding in aquatic organims

Radula - Scraping tooth (not in bivalves), can be harpoon-like

Are coelomates

What is included in the segments of annelids?

Each segment has reproduction, locomotion, excretory organs and a ganglia

What does dorsal and ventral mean?

Dorsal - back

Ventral - front

What are some echinoderm organisms?

Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars

What are the characteristics of an echinoderm?

Endoskeleton

Marine

Calcium carbonate ossicles

Bilateral symmetry in larvae

Tube feet w suckers

What are the four characteristics of chordates?

1. hollow dorsal nerve cord - process sensory info

2. notocord - cartelage or vertebral collumn

3. pharengeal slits - opening from pharynx to outside; filter feeding or modified for respiration

4. postanal tail

What do the pharengeal slits turn into in humans?

Ears!

What are the characteristics of fish (and onward organisms)?

Vertebral collumn with skull

Jaws and paried appendages

Internal gills

*Single loop blood circulation

Nutritional deficiencies

What’s special about hagfish?

They slime on you

What’s special about lamprey?

Parasitic on other fish