MB311 Exam 3 harder terms

what are the two pathogens with multiple modes of transmission

plague (yersinia pestis) and anthrax (bacillus anthracis)

What are the two groups in case control studies

people with the disease and people without the disease

do case control studies look into the past or future

past

what two groups are in cohort studies

exposed and unexposed

What study is relative risk used for

cohort

RR formula

RR= (A/A+B)/(C/C+D)

What kind of study is OR used for

case control study

OR formula

OR=AD/BC

CLIA Certification

federal standards applicable to all US facilities that test specimens for diagnosis,prevention, or treatment of disease

Transport medium

Sterile medium that promotes survival but not growth

Sensitivity

Ability to correctly identify an individual with disease. Eliminates false negatives

Sensibility formula

A/A+C x 100

Specificity

ability to correctly identify an individual without disease. Eliminates false positives

Specificity formula

D/B+D x 100

Selective media

select for certain bacteria

Differential media

differentiate among different bacterias

Describe molecular laboratory test

Rapid but expensive. Used for all pathogen types. Detection of pathogen DNA or RNA

Multiplex PCR

PCR reaction that contains multiple sets of primers. Each primer detects a gene in a different microbe.

Syndromic Diagnosis

One test that tests simultaneously for multiple pathogens that cause similar syndromes. Test run straight from the patient specimen.

MALDI-TOF

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization for time of flight. Mass spectrometry technique that uses laser energy to create ions which travel to a detector. Inital expense but cheap per sample cost

ELISA

detects pathogens or antigen in PROCESSED specimen. Detects antibody titers in blood

dFA

Detects pathogens or antigen in specimen DIRECTLY

Point of care POC testing

Rapid test used in doctors offices. Must be fast, low cost, easy to use.

LFIA

Most common POC test. Passes a liquid sample through a series of pads on the test device using capilary action (strep test/pregnancy test)

Describe CI

Ratio of the toxic dose (TD50) and effective dose (ED50). A higher CI means low/few side effects.

Describe antibiotics (spectrum activity and CI)

Many available. Broad and narrow spectrum. High CI

Describe antivirals (spectrum activity and CI)

Few available. Narrow spectrum, medium to high CI)

Antifungals (spectrum activity and CI)

resonable amount available. Narrow and broad. Medium to high CI

Antiparisitics (spectrum activity and CI)

Few available. Narrow. Low CI

What pathogens inhibit cell wall synthesis

B-lactams and glycopeptides

What kind of drug is B-lactam

antibiotic

Describe B-lactam antibiotics

inhibit penicillin binding protein (transpeptidase), which polymerizes peptidoglycan

What kinds of drugs inhibit protein sysnthesis

Acithromycin (z-pak) and Tetracycline

Describe Acithromycin

its a macrolide-long halflife. Inhibits protein syntheiss with 50s ribosome

What are some inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis

Quinlonds (ciproflaxin)

Describe Quinolones (cirpoflaxin)

inhibit topoisomemses (DNA gyrase) causing breaks in DNA during separation of daughter chromosomes.

WHat kind of drug targets the plasma membrane

Polymxins

Describe Polymyxins

hydrophobic tail which causes membrane damage. Mainly used as a topical.

What are the two targets of Antiinfuenza drugs

NA and M2

What are the two main anti-influenza drugs

tamiflu and relenza

describe antifungals

Eukaryotic pathogens so very few differences compared to human cells.

What are the two targets of antifungal drugs

Ergosterol and Chitin

Describe the antifungal drug Azoles

Inhibits the enzyme lanosterol 14-a demethylase which is needed to make ergosterol

What kind of drug is Amphotericin B

antifungal

Describe Amphotericin B

Binds to ergosterol formin pores that cause rapif leakage of ions and causing cell lysis. Nicknamed Amphoterrible for the awful side effects

What is the only broad class of antiparisitics

PFOR inhibitors

Which pathogen can have target alterations

bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites

which pathogens can have reduced access to drug targets

bacteria, fungi, parasites

which pathogens can have multidrug efflux pumps

bacteria, fungi, parasites

which pathogens can hae inactiveaiton of drug

bacteria