Practice quizzes questions

Understanding the difference between right and wrong is mostly linked to ______ development

moral

About how long does it take for humans to reach maturity?

two decades

When we say something has been studied empirically what does that mean?

it can be verified by systematic study

Which legal case ended legal segregation in U.S. public school?

Brown v. Board of Education

When did the scientific method emerge

late 1500s

The cultural environment that Maureen and Yuri grew up in, which is subject to the specific cultural practices, material setting, and beliefs of their families, serves as a specific ______ for them

Developmental niche

Which of these is a BEST practice for referring to identity?

People should be called what they want to be called

Many developmental milestones, such as when a child begins school, depend on:

Culture

When humans begin to manage their own behaviors and emotions, they are in which stage of development?

early childhood

Which theoretical perspective explains how customs and traditions are integrated into all of development and how cultural variations and strengths can help everyone thrive?

The cultural perspective

Which theoretical perspective is considered by some to be speculative in that it is impossible to go back in time and observe how humans developed?

evolutionary

Matteo's ability to regulate his thinking and behavior in order to accomplish a goal, such as building a house out of blocks, is known as:

executive function

A long, richly detailed investigation of daily life is referred to as a(n):

ethnography

What is a key strength of a cross-sequential research design?

it allows for age groups to be compared and observed over time

what is the most common single-gene disorder in the world?

sickle cell disease

A spiral-shaped structure made up of paired chemicals that carries the genetic code is called:

DNA

The 23 pairs of long molecules of DNA containing genetic information and found in the nucleus of human cells

chromosomes

The outer layer of the brain is called the:

cortex

What will become of the brain and spinal cord during prenatal development?

the neural tube

if you run your finger along the sole of a newborn's foot, their toes will fan out. This is called ______ reflex.

Babinski

The final stage of birth occurs:

After birth

Most fetuses develop _____, which are automatic motor responses to stimuli to help them adjust to the world

reflexes

When sperm is directly inserted into the uterus, what has occured?

intrauterine insemination

nerve cells are called

neurons

which type of research method can identify causal relationships between variables?

experimental designs

Currently 9 in 10 U.S. toddlers have received the basic recommended vaccinations. What is one outcome related to those who choose not to complete the recommended vaccines?

outbreaks of preventable diseases

The long, tail-like structure of a neuron that is attached to the cell body and transmits information to other neurons is called the _____, whereas the branch-like appendage of the neuron that grows out of the cell body and receives communication from other neurons is called the ______

axon; dendrite

the longest axons in the human body:

stretch from the brain to the bottom of the spinal cord

all of these are principles of early brain development EXCEPT:

brain development is dependent on the formation of insecure attachment

Learning to move requires children to practice all of these skills EXCEPT:

compensation skills

Typically, prior to ______ of age, infants can perceive and respond to sounds of all world languages

12 months

motor skills are considered a(n):

experience-expectant process

Fernand remembers the name of the child he played with on the playground. This is an example of:

explicit memory

According to Piaget, infants discover object permanence in which stage of sensorimotor development

Coordination of secondary reactions

Which of these types of interventions have shown to be effective in fostering children's early cognitive development and caregivers' well-being?

home-visiting programs

Which of these is not a characteristic of high-quality childcare outside of the home?

high caregiver turnover

Early Head Start provides:

High-quality center-based childcare

Which of these is NOT an advantage of being multilingual?

increased vocabulary

Terry believes that the word cat only refers to their pet cat at home and never to other cars. Nelly believes that the name Rob, which is their cat's name, refers to all cats. Terry and Nelly are engaging in which errors?

underextension and overextension, respectively

Which part of the brain is associated with communcation?

the left hemisphere

According to Freud, an infant in which stage of development learns how to manage the pleasure they receive from sucking?

oral stage

A focus on community is a theme of ______, whereas independence is a focus of _____.

collectivism; individualism

What is the term for the ability to manage your feelings in a way that is appropriate to your community circumstances?

emotion regulation

The use of someone else's emotional response as a guide before expression your own reaction to a new place, person, or object is called:

social referencing

By 18 months, nearly 9 in 10 babies experience ________ if they are overpraised

embarrassment

How often and how strongly a baby displays their bad or unpleasant feelings is called:

negative effect

Children are more likely to be outgoing in countries that are

individualistic

In Thomas and Chess's temperament study, what percentage of infants were classified as "difficult"?

10%

Worldwide, approximately ______ percent of infants demonstrate a secure attachment patterns

60%

In which country does the local government pay more than three-quarters of childcare costs?

Denmark

It has been reported that new parents send what percentage of the time that they are feeding their infants distracted by media?

30%

Amadis tends to use media as a distraction when parenting their toddler. Based on this alone, Amadis is likely to:

be both be less attentive and experience less synchrony

What is the main argument of the Lipschits and Geva's article?

Infant communication develops through the interaction of autonomic, behavioral, and symbolic processes

What is an example of autonomic communication?

A change in heart rate during an interaction

Which communication level includes crying, smiling, and body movements?

Behavioral communication

What distinguishes symbolic communication from basic behavioral communication?

Symbolic communication uses a sound or gesture to represent an intention, desire, or meaning

What is the primary role of the caregivers in the proposed model from the article?

Caregivers interpret signals, respond to infants, and help infants learn how to communicate. Responding to needs

Around what age does the article describe the emergence of social smiling?

Around 2 months

How do the authors of the article present their contributions?

As a theoretical model integrating existing research

What is one important conclusion of the article?

Infants are active communication partners from their earliest days of their lives

Which research direction do the authors recommend?

Studying involuntary behaviors and autonomic responses as potential communication signals

What is assimilation?

Interpretation of new information according to existing schema. this maintains equilibriums

What is accommodation?

When new information doesn't fit into existing schemes, our brains will alter the existing schema or create a new to return the balance

What are the 5 domains of theoretical perspectives?

Biological, psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and cultural

Who was Conrad Lorenz?

He was a main researcher in attachment theory. He did a study about imprinting; one half of a litter of newborn geese were hatched with mom and the other half was in an incubator, all were fed with an auto-feeder. Was found that food had very little to do with attachment, since incubator geese imprinted on Lorenz

What rapport works best when interviewing children?

open-ended rapport yielded more responses over option-posing

Fear of Santa is

A normative response because of stranger wariness

Do babies who have gone to daycare since 3 months show separation anxiety when left with grandparents at 12 months?

Yes, they still freak out

What are the three ways to assess development?

Cross-sectional - compare different groups

Longitudinal - the same individual

Cross-sequential - both

Can genetics affects physical and mental health?

Yes, it can affect both

Environmental influences start _____ conception

before

What are the environmental influences that can affect prenatal development?

Teratogens, senses, age, and stress

What is the Apgar test?

a quick evaluation 1 and 5 minutes after a baby is born to assess their wellbeing

How do we know what babies can do?

observational method and preference method

How well can babies see?

A newborn's vision is around 20/600 and they only focus on things between 4-20 inches away. By 6 months, a newborn's vision is almost perfect.

Habituation method refers to

presenting a stimulus repeatedly to get a baby to look or suck, but over time, looking decreases. Switch stimulus and if infants notice the difference, looking increases again

By age one, infants should have the cognitive abilities to:

engage in deliberate acts to elicit responses, exhibit robust memory, and have growing language comprehension and production

What are some innate processes that Piaget theorized infants have

Assimilation and Accommodation

The sensorimotor period is

When infants are aged 0-2, they learn through senses and actions. Begins with basic reflexes, midway is object permanence, and it ends with integration of memory and thought. Theorized by Piaget