🌎 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY — SIMPLE STUDY NOTES 1. What is Geography? 🗺️ Geography Geography = studying places on Earth and what happens there. Easy way to remember: History = WHEN things happened Geography = WHERE things happen Physical Geography Physical geography = studying the natural parts of Earth. Examples: * 🌋 Volcanoes * 🌊 Oceans * 🌧️ Weather * 🌳 Plants * 🏔️ Mountains * 🌎 Earth’s surface Human Geography Human geography = studying people and how they interact with places. Examples: * Cities * Population * Culture * Migration * Businesses Geographic Techniques These are tools geographers use to study Earth. ⸻ 🛰️ 2. Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Measuring or studying something from far away WITHOUT touching it. Think: 👀 Looking at Earth from a distance Examples: * 🛰️ Satellite * ✈️ Airplane * 🚁 UAV/drone Quizlet card Q: What is remote sensing? A: Studying or measuring Earth from a distance. ⸻ 🌍 3. Latitude & Longitude THIS is important. Imagine Earth has an invisible grid around it. The grid helps us say exactly where a place is. There are two main directions: LATITUDE = up and down on a map Latitude tells you how far NORTH or SOUTH you are from the Equator. 🌎 Equator = 0° latitude Think: LATITUDE = LADDER 🪜 The lines look like they go across Earth, but latitude tells you NORTH or SOUTH. Examples: * Equator = 0° * North Pole = 90° N * South Pole = 90° S So: 40° N = 40 degrees north of the Equator. ⸻ 📍 4. Longitude Longitude tells you how far EAST or WEST you are from the Prime Meridian. The Prime Meridian is: 0° longitude It runs through Greenwich, England. Think: LONGITUDE = LONG lines that go from pole to pole Longitude goes: 0° → 180° East 0° → 180° West A ⸻ 🧠 EASIEST WAY TO REMEMBER. What does it measure? Starting point Latitude North ↕ South Equator = 0° Longitude East ↔ West Prime Meridian = 0° Memory trick: LAT = flat Latitude lines look flat/horizontal on most maps. LONG = long Longitude lines go long from pole to pole. ⸻ 🌎 5. Hemispheres “Hemi” means half. So a hemisphere is simply half of Earth. There are 4: Northern Hemisphere Above the Equator. Southern Hemisphere Below the Equator. Eastern Hemisphere East of the Prime Meridian. Western Hemisphere West of the Prime Meridian. ⸻ ⭐ 6. POLARIS QUESTION Your professor asks: If Polaris is 39° above the horizon, what is your latitude? Don’t panic. 😭 The rule: Polaris’s angle above the horizon = your latitude BUT this works in the Northern Hemisphere. So: Polaris = 39° Therefore: ✅ Latitude = 39° N That’s literally it. Why? Polaris is basically lined up with the North Pole. If you’re: * At the Equator → Polaris is about 0° above the horizon. * At 39° N → Polaris is 39° above the horizon. * At the North Pole → Polaris is about 90° above the horizon. So: Polaris angle = latitude Quizlet Q: Polaris is 39° above the horizon. What is your latitude? A: 39° N ⸻ 🕘 7. THE LONGITUDE MATH QUESTION This one looks scary because your professor wrote a bunch of stuff. But it’s really just two steps. Question: You set your watch to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). You travel somewhere else. When the Sun is directly overhead, your watch says 9 AM. What is your longitude? First understand: ☀️ “Sun directly overhead” This means: It is local solar noon. In other words: The place you’re standing = NOON But your watch says: 9 AM GMT So: Noon - 9 AM = 3 hours You’re 3 hours behind Greenwich. ⸻ 🧮 Now the important math Earth rotates: 15° every hour This is something you should memorize. So: 3 hours × 15° = 45° Therefore: ✅ 45° West Why WEST? Because your location is experiencing noon later than Greenwich. Think: Greenwich already reached noon. Your location is still behind Greenwich’s time. So you’re WEST. The whole problem: 12 PM − 9 AM = 3 hours 3 × 15° = 45° Answer: ⭐ 45° W ⸻ ☀️ SUN ANGLE HIGH/DIRECT ANGLE ☀️ ⬇️ ⬇️ 🌎 Energy is concentrated → stronger heating 🔥 LOW ANGLE ☀️ ↘️ ↘️ ↘️ 🌎 Energy spreads out → weaker heating 🥶 🧠 Remember: STRAIGHT = STRONG ☀️ TILTED = WEAKER ☀️ ⸻ 📐 PERPENDICULAR Perpendicular = 90° Think: ⊥ One line is standing straight on another. For sunlight: ☀️ ⬇️ ⬇️ ━━━━ Earth The sunlight is hitting the surface straight on.

What was the key outcome of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling of 1954?

Separate facilities are inherently unequal.

What legal principle did Brown v. Board of Education challenge?

The principle of 'separate but equal' in public education.

What year was the Brown v. Board of Education decision made?

1954

What amendment was cited in the Brown v. Board of Education case?

The Fourteenth Amendment, specifically the Equal Protection Clause.

What was the significance of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling?

It marked a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement, leading to the desegregation of schools in America.

What Supreme Court case reversed the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson?

Brown v. Board of Education.