SOIL to EOLIAN PROCESSES MIDTERM

4 soil components

water, minerals, air, organish matter

Hans Jenny Factors (what they are and YEAR)

1941, CLORPT

climate, biological agents, relief, parent material, and time

soil prosequence =

soil cantena

paleosols are a great indicator of?

glacial and integlacial cycles

Soil Horizons

O A E B C R

soil horizon O

organic material

soil horizon A

mineral topsoil with organic enrichment

soil horizon E

elluvation (washed out)

B

Clays and oxides

soil horizon C

Near Bedrock

R

Bedrock

Pedon

column of soil from specific location

Simonson’s 4 part process model

Additions, Depletions, Transformations, and translocations

elluvation and illuvation

washed out and washed in

Histosols

organic soils

Andisols

soils of volcanic ashes

Vertisols

shrinking swelling dark clay soils

aridisols

soils of dry climates

spodosols

soils with subsoil accumulations of humus and sesquioxides

gelisols

brrr cold permafrost soils

entisols

recently formed soils

inceptisols

embryonic soils with few diagnostic features (mystery flavor)

mollisols

grassland steppes and prairies

alfisols

high base status forest soils with argillic horizons

ultisols

low base status forest soils

oxisols

sesquioxide-rich, highly weathered soils of intertropical regions

usda we soils survey provides soil maps at the _____ level

series

causes of slope failure

• forces of gravity on a block

• Frictional stress

• cohesion

• Water pressure (water saturates and fills pore spaces)

forms of mass wasting

• creep (involves frost heave)

• solifucation ( when cold, permafrost melts and flows)

• Slides (distinct

• Slump (curved)

• Earth flows ( fine grained)

• debris flows (sediment and water)

• rock fall (talus accumulates at base

areas of high landslide risk

appalachian mountains, west coast, rockies, mississipi river, (aka lots of flowing water of elevation equals risk)

Infiltration rates

• coarser soils, more

• dry soils more

• dense cover, more

• more rainfall, more

stream moves fastest in the ______

thalweg (deepest part)

____ is important for dam construction and flood control

hyrdographs

large boulders provide _____ evidence of past flooding

empirical

strahler classification of rivers

NOT AS PRECISE

Shreve Classfication

MORE PRECISE

dendritic

flat-lying sandstones of appalachian plateau

trellis

long linear valleys in valley and ridge appalachia

rectangular

joint sets in uniform rocks

radial drainage

volcanoes

Sediment Yield

Sediment mass leaving drainage basin

factors that impact sediment yield

• yield

• climate/vegetation

• topopgraphy

• human influences

agriculture caused massive amounts of _______

erosion

hyrdaulic action

water breaking away and moving rock material from floor valley and sides

abrasion

erosion caused by moving sediment

corrosion

minerals and rocks dissolved by water (least important)

bedload

particles moving along stream bottom

suspended load

clays and silt (little water clouds)

dissolved load

dissolved rock material ( in the water)

transport capacity

maximum load carried

amoozameter

measures infiltration, named after guy that made it

hortonian overland flow

rainfall > infiltration rate

Where is there water and wind gaps

Pennsylvania

Bedrock Gorges are commonly caused by

tectonic uplift and stream capture

knickzones

gets steeper, creates rapids

Knickpoints

discrete jumps

alluvium

any sediment depsosited by running water

alluvium fans can form only in deserts true or false

FALSE, they can form anywhere but they are very common in deserts

deposits are ____ near the mountain and ______ away from it

thick, thin

Famous braided river

Brahmaputra in INDIA

natural levees form true or false

yer

increased sediment

increased valley fill

place you can find river terraces

rocky mountains of southern colorado

deltas are made of 3 types of beds

bottom set foreset and topset