Unit 2 - Motivational Theories

Motive

Psychological state that arouses an individual to act towards a desired goal or outcome

3 types of goals

1. Performance (end result without comparison)

2. Process (quality of performance)

3. Outcome (end result in comparison to others)

Types of cycles

Macrocycle > Mesocycle > Microcycle > Individual sessions

Achievement Goal Theory

• Success or failure depend on an athlete’s perception of goal attainment

• Task vs. ego orientation

Draw out the achievement goal theory 2×2

Add in the arrows and descriptions

What two things are necessary for achievement behavior in achievement goal theory?

Achievement goals + Perceived ability

Draw out achievement goal theory flow chart

____ have more adaptive motivational patterns. For example, ____

Task goals; positive attitudes, increased effort

We should focus extra attention on ___ and ___ goals because they ____.

We should focus extra attention on task-oriented and approach goals because they foster task motivational climates.

Self-Determination Theory

• People become self-determined when their three basic needs are met: Relatedness, autonomy, and competence

• Humanistic theory

Relatedness

Will to interact with, be connected to, and experience caring for others

Competence

The need to feel effective in activities; seek to control the outcome and experience mastery

Autonomy

Desire to be causal agents and act in harmony with one’s self → feeling of psychological liberty; does NOT mean to be independent of others

The taxonomy of motivation falls under what theory?

Self-determination theory

Draw out taxonomy of motivation

OPTIMAL Theory

• Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning

• Focuses on two key psychological variables that influence motor skill learning

Enhanced expectancies

• High expectations for future performance

• Prepares the learner for successful movement at lower levels

• Creates a good practice environment

• Self-efficacy is key!

Autonomy

• An individual’s need to play a role in determining their behavior

• Ties into intrinsic motivation → We put more effort into things we aren’t forced to do.

• Perceived autonomy increases enhanced expectancies.

Draw OPTIMAL Theory

Why does this diagram have the red arrow?

When a performer experiences success, it reinforces their belief in themselves (enhanced expectancies), contributing to further focus, which contributes to increased motor performance. Performance and motivation continuously enhance one another.

Self-efficacy in motor learning

One’s belief that they can perform a specific action within a specific environment → self-efficacy =/= self-confidence (overall belief in self)

Reciprocal determinism

The assumption that actions are the result of an interaction among an individual’s thoughts, the context of the environment, and the consequences of actions

Factors that are integrated to form self-efficacy perception (draw it out)

Self-Efficacy Perception = Vicarious experience + Verbal persuasion + Previous experience + Physiological state

Integration of self-efficacy factors

Through information- and executive-processing, factors come together to create self-efficacy perception.