Honey Bee Ento Exam 1

Arthropoda

The phylum encompassing species with an exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and body segments

Insecta

largest portion of arthropoda encompassing animal species with 6 legs, 33 body regions, and a single set of antennae, this class originates 500 mya

Carniforous period

fossil evidence shows that flightless insects begin to appear on land

proto-Mayfly

earliest fossil evidence of flying insects, this species has wings located on the thoracic section and causes an explosion in species diversity 390-320 million years ago

Meganeuropsis permiana

the largest flying insect recorded in the fossil record

Mutualism

describes the co evolutionary relationship between pollinating insects and angiosperms that begins in the early cretacious 135 million years ago.

Antagonism

a species relationship where only a single species benefits

70/30

describes the ration of angiosperms pollinated by insects over other methods

Apocrita

sub order containing bees wasps and ants, has two more divisions being Aculeata and Parasitica

Lepidoptera

insects with modifies flattened hairs that make “scaly” wings, They are long distance pollinators and therefore pollinate more species over a longer distance, there are 180,000 species in this order with most being moths.

Nocturnal/ Diural

describes the sleeping patterns of moths which can be during both daytime and nighttimes

Diural

describes the sleeping patterns of butterflies which is primarily during the daytime

Diptera

Order containing flies, refers to species with two single pair wings as well as halteres or knobs around the winds. most fly species feed on nectar though there are many carnivorous/ parasitic exceptions. mosquitoes are a member of this order

Batesian Mimicry

describes the behavior of members of diptera that mimic the appearance of bumblebees

Coleoptera

Order consisting of beetle species, name meaning that these species wings are hidden within a sheath. This is an extremely diverse order containing 400,000 known species. THis family contains most pollinators

Hymenoptera

order containing bees, wasps, and ants. species in this order are defined by having their pars of wings attatched by tiny hooks (hamuli). there are a few wingless species such as worker ants. Stingers can be found in some female members of this order

Stinger

Defense organ seen in femail members of Hymenoptera, created out of a hardened ovipositor, or organ made for laying eggs.

symphyta

sub order containing saw flies which are not really flies

Aculeata

Superfamily containing insects with diverse behavioral patterns, females in this division have stingers, their diets may be omnivory or pollenivory, they may be parasitic or preditory, or eusocial or solitary

Apoidea

the superfamily containing wasps and bees only. This consists of 4000 species in the United States and 20,000 worldwide. species in this superfamily have Scopa, a dense mass of branched hairs, and Corbicula, a pollen basket, to aid in pollination

Megachilidae

this family contains the leaf cutter, mason, and cuckoo bee. They are mostly solitary and create nests out of leaves, mud, and animal fibers, Their Scope is located on the abdomen for pollen collection

Kleptoparasitic

behavior found in several lineages of bee, but espectially known in cuckoo bees. They lay eggs in the nests of other bee specties and consume their reasources

broodparacitism

placing offspring in the nest of another animal species so that the other species may but in the effort of raising them

Megachile rotundata

the Blue mason bee- a commercial bee used to pollinate alfalfa

Halictidae

family containing “sweat bees” this consists of 60-70% of Apoidea and have the most diverse range of social behaviors. They can fall on the range anywhere from social to solitary. They ususally nest on the ground near water and have some kleptoparasitic species

Nomia melanderi

Also referred to as the alkali bee and has a special method for accessing flowers

Apidae

includes bumble, carpenter, stingless and honey bees

Bombus

referred to as bumble bees, mated queens spend the winter in soil and emerge in spring. Colonies can consist of less than 50 bees

Carpenter Bees

Large bees that look similar to bumble but with smooth abdomen. hard plant material for nest and are often considered “pests,” solitary species with the exeption of mother daughter colonies

Stingless bees

the stinger on these bees is too small to cause harm. Tropical/ subtropical regions. there can bee 80K bees per colony and caste is determined by the amount of pollen the bee consumes. the produce home in Australia and Latin America, however their honey is not shelf stable

Honey Bees

Apis, colonies consist of 80K bees and caste is determined by the type of food they eat

Apis mellifera

European Honey Bee

Genus Apis

genus which appears 40 mya with 6-11 species

Apis nearctica

extinct species of APis

Middle East Origins

theory that honey bees first appeared in middle east and spread through two routes to Europe and single routes to surrounding contenints

West Asia Origins

Idea that honey bees originate in west asia and spread to africa and europe, this pathway is supported by dna evidence of living bees

Central Africa Origins

idea that bees originated in central africa and migrated upwards. this is based off of smp data

Asia origins

most supported hypothesis stating that apis originated in Asia and came accross the land bridge to the west and migrated around the east hemisphere

Subgenus Micrapis

also referred to as the Dwarf honey bees. including the species Apis andreniformis and apis florea. they have nests built around small tree branches and workers much smaller than queens and drones. They are native to Indea

A anreformis “Black dwarf honey bee”

species which has wider nests than their cousins and builds a vertical comb face. This is often where they preform dances

A florea “red dwarf honey bee”

have a red color and dance on top of a nests crown. Combs on nest crown come out of the branch the nest is built on. They are mostly found in island areas

subgenus Megapis

also referred to as “Giant honey bees” which has a single exposed comb nest. Workers are large 17mm with drones being a similar size. Bees in this genus preform a shimmering behavior to warn off predators

A Dorsata “Giant Honey Bee”

smaller less hairy bees which live in lower altitudes. Their hives are argegated in trees. They do not have an audible buzz.

A lobriosa “himalayan honey bee”

slightly larger and hairier than their cousins. nest is on mountains with high altitudes. They nest off of cliff faces and have a very loud buzz.

Apis “cavity nesting honey bee”

nest in cavities with multiple parallel combs. workers are 10 mm long and queens and drones may be twice the size. species within this genus can create nonviable hybrids

Apis cerana

smaller than their mellifera cousins with smaller colonies. they tend not to store honey in large quantities and they migrate frequently. They are traditionally used in their native range

Apis mellifera

with 28 subspecies that live in the entire eastern hemisphere, and are invasive to the western hemisphere

M lineage

lineage of honey bees including mellifera, iberiensis, and sinisxinyvan. They are known for wintering will and originate in Northern Europe and a small region in Central Asia

C lineage

includes carnica and lingustisca originate in the mediterranian

O lineage

includes species syriaca and cypria. originates in the middle east and a small section of central Asia

A linage

scutellata and lamarckii which originate in all of Africa

Y lineage

jemenitica which originates in the southern middle east

A. m. mellifera “German honey bee”

defensice bees suseptible to EFB. They were introduced in Jamestown and referred to as the “white mans fly”

A. m. carnica “Carniolan honey bee”

docile bees that are very pest resistant hardy honey producers

A. m. lingustica “Itallian honey bee”

low swarming tendency and produce lots of honey. They are popular honey producers and tend to over brood.

Waggle

a dance preformed by honey bees to communicate food location and quality

Reproduce by swarming

“colony fission” an old queen leaves the hive and a new one is chosen and bred.

Cluster

behavior by bees to regulate temperature. often onset because of the queens phermones

Polyandry

queens mate with many hive drones as well as drones from other hives to maintain genetic diversity