short 43

1. Goal of operationalizing a definition

So another researcher can replicate the study

2. FALSE about variable levels

Categorical can be treated as continuous

3. Film vs. handout, then test: dependent variable

Knowledge of the material

4. Operational definition

Describes observable components of a variable

5. SAT / University ranking / Birthplace / Donation $

Interval / Ordinal / Nominal / Ratio

6. Research design = framework for answering the question

True

7. Narcissism predicts selfies: independent variable

Narcissism

8. Quantitative, outcome can be predicted

Directional hypothesis ("will positively predict")

9. FALSE about research questions

Can substitute for a DIRECTIONAL hypothesis

10. Hypothesis saying NO relationship exists

Null hypothesis

11. Sampling for hard-to-find participants

Snowball sampling

12. Volunteerism / underrepresented subgroup / unequal chance of inclusion

All are correct (all are biases)

13. Stratification

Homogeneous subgroups for better representation

14. NOT a source of sample bias

Random number generator

15. Purposive vs. probability sampling

Purposive is not random, based on judgment

16. TRUE about bias and sample size

Unbiased sample FIRST, then large size

17. Bigger sample → nonrandom bias

Maintains whatever bias is in the selection method

18. Bigger sample → effects (select 2)

Enhanced precision + minimizing sampling error

19. FALSE statement

Reliability is more important than validity

20. URM: typical reliability coefficient

About 0.80

21. Valid means

Accurately measures what it purports to measure

22. Soundest, hardest validity

Construct validity

23. Why want LOW face validity

Minimize socially desirable but untruthful responses

24. Validity = correlates with another relevant measure

Concurrent validity

25. Cronbach's alpha =

Average of all possible split-half reliabilities

26. Participants give feedback on results

Member checking

27. Ethnicity list is ineffective because

Not exhaustive

28. Easy to craft, more depth, harder to analyze

Open-ended

29. Overreport good / underreport bad behavior

Social desirability

30. Minimize nonresponse bias

All are correct

31. Best open-ended wording

"In your opinion, what are the benefits of study abroad?"

32. Yes / No question

Dichotomous

33. Likert items: level of measurement

Ordinal

34. Country of birth

Nominal

35. Agree 1-5 with statements

Likert scale

36. Awful 1 2 3 4 5 Wonderful

Semantic differential scale

37. Trait that changes, 2+ values

Variable

38. Subset of the population

Sample

39. Chance errors from random sampling

Sampling error

40. No new info emerges (qualitative)

Saturation

41. Multiple methods / data sources

Triangulation

42. % agreement + Cohen's kappa

Interobserver agreement

43. Qualitative version of validity & reliability

Dependability and trustworthiness