163 Protists

Origin of mitochondria (endosymbiosis)

Endosymbiosis of an aerobic proteobacterium (perhaps a purple nonsulfur bacterium)

Origin of chloroplasts (endosymbiosis)

Endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium or prochlorbacterium

Excavata: groups and examples

Parabasalids (Trichomonas); diplomonads (Giardia)

Euglenozoa: groups and examples

Euglenids (Euglena); kinetoplastids (Trypanosoma)

Alveolata: groups and examples

Dinoflagellates; apicomplexans (Plasmodium, Toxoplasma); ciliates (Paramecium, Stentor)

Stramenopiles: groups

Diatoms, golden

Rhizaria: groups

Foraminiferans and radiolarians

Archaeplastida: groups

Red algae and green algae (green algae are ancestral to Plantae)

Amoebozoa

Amoeba and slime molds

Opisthokonta

Includes choanoflagellates, which are ancestral to Fungi and Animalia

Haplontic life cycle

Haploid

Diplontic life cycle

Diploid

Haplodiplontic life cycle

Alternation of generations

Diatom frustule

Cell wall made of silica

Two diatom shapes

Centric and pennate

Diatom life cycle type

Diplontic (all cells diploid except haploid gametes)

Sexual reproduction in centric diatoms

Anisogamous, specifically oogamous

Diatomaceous earth

Economic product made from diatom silica frustules

Golden

brown algae: pigments

Golden

brown algae examples

White Cliffs of Dover

Made of abundant coccolithophore skeletons

Coccolithophores and atmospheric carbon

They scavenge calcium carbonate from surface waters, so those waters absorb less CO2 from the atmosphere; abundant coccolithophores increase atmospheric C

Yellow

green algae: pigments

Vaucheria

Yellow

Coenocytic

Filaments with multiple nuclei and no cross

Oomycetes (Phylum Oomycota)

Water molds; nutrition by absorption (saprobes and parasites); coenocytic filaments; cellulose cell walls (like algae)

Oomycete diseases

Downy mildew of grapes (Plasmopara viticola); late blight of potatoes (Phytophthora infestans); damping off

Saprolegnia

Example of a water mold (oomycete)

Euglenids (Phylum Euglenozoa)

Photosynthesize (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids); paramylum food reserve; pellicle; motile

Paramylum

Carbohydrate food reserve in euglenids

Pellicle

Stiffens the cell membrane in euglenids (no cell wall)

Kinetoplastans (Phylum Euglenozoa)

Heterotrophic parasites with a kinetoplast and undulating membrane; examples: Trypanosoma, Leishmania

Kinetoplast

Disk of DNA associated with the mitochondrion

African sleeping sickness

Caused by Trypanosoma brucei; spread by the tsetse fly

Brown algae: pigments

Chlorophyll a, c; fucoxanthin

Brown algae: storage carbohydrate

Laminarin

Brown algae: body form and cell number

All members multicellular; body is a thallus

Brown algae examples

Laminaria digitata, Macrocystis pyrifera (kelp), Fucus vesiculosus (rockweed), Sargassum

Fucus life cycle

Diplontic

Fucus receptacles

Reproductive structures of Fucus (rockweed)

Brown algae: ecological importance

Macrocystis = kelp forests; Sargassum = floating weedlines; Fucus = rockweed

Brown algae: economic importance

Algin (food additive), wakame (Undaria pinnatifida), Laminaria japonicum (food)

Rhizaria: structure and movement

Use pseudopodia

Radiolarians

Rhizaria with silica in their test; their remains form chert

Foraminiferans

Rhizaria with a calcareous test; their remains form chalk

Red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta): pigments

Chlorophyll a, carotenoids, phycobilins (phycoerythrin) = rhodoplasts (red chloroplasts)

Red algae: cell wall and food reserve

Cellulose cell walls; floridean starch

Red algae: absent structures

No centrioles and no flagellated cells

Red algae life cycle

Very complex alternation of generations; example: Polysiphonia

Red algae: economic importance

Nori, agar, carrageenan, dulse