Conformity & Deviance - Midterm

Ibn Khaldun - What is asabiyyah?

Group solidarity, loyalty, and unity built through shared experiences and dependence.

Ibn Khaldun - How does solidarity develop?

People facing difficult conditions rely on one another, creating strong group bonds.

Émile Durkheim - What is mechanical solidarity?

Social unity based on shared beliefs, values, and similarities.

Émile Durkheim - What is organic solidarity?

Social unity based on interdependence and different roles in society.

Émile Durkheim - What is anomie?

A condition where social norms weaken or become unclear.

Émile Durkheim - What is repressive law?

Law that punishes wrongdoing and reinforces shared values.

Émile Durkheim - What is restitutive law?

Law that repairs relationships and restores social order.

Gottfredson and Hirschi - What is self-control theory?

Low self-control increases the likelihood of crime and deviance.

Gottfredson and Hirschi - What causes low self-control?

Ineffective parenting, including poor monitoring and inconsistent discipline.

Gottfredson and Hirschi - What are characteristics of low self-control?

Impulsiveness, risk-taking, seeking immediate gratification, and ignoring long-term consequences.

Robert Merton - What is strain theory?

A gap between cultural goals and access to legitimate means can lead to deviance.

Robert Merton - What are the five modes of adaptation?

Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion.

Robert Merton - What is conformity?

Accepting cultural goals and legitimate means.

Robert Merton - What is innovation?

Accepting cultural goals but using illegitimate means.

Robert Merton - What is ritualism?

Giving up major cultural goals but continuing to follow legitimate rules.

Robert Merton - What is retreatism?

Rejecting both cultural goals and legitimate means.

Robert Merton - What is rebellion?

Rejecting existing goals and means and seeking to replace them.

Robert Agnew - What is General Strain Theory?

Strain and negative emotions can pressure people toward deviance.- Agnew

Robert Agnew - What are the three types of strain?

Blocked goals, loss of positive stimuli, and exposure to negative stimuli.

Robert Agnew - How does Agnew differ from Merton?

Agnew includes negative relationships and experiences, not just blocked success goals.

Robert Agnew - Why might strain lead to deviance?

People may use deviance to cope with anger, frustration, or painful situations

Albert Bandura - What did the Bobo doll experiment show?

In the experiment we learned, children can learn aggression by observing and imitating others.

Albert Bandura - What is observational learning?

Learning behavior by watching other people.

Albert Bandura - What is modeling?

Copying behavior demonstrated by another person.

Ronald Akers - What is social learning theory?

Deviance is learned through association, imitation, reinforcement, and definitions.

Ronald Akers - What is differential association?

Interacting with people who influence your attitudes toward deviance.

Ronald Akers - What is imitation?

Copying another person's behavior.

Ronald Akers - What is reinforcement?

Rewards encourage behavior, while punishment can discourage it.

Ronald Akers - What are definitions?

Beliefs and attitudes that make behavior seem acceptable or unacceptable.

Michel Foucault - How does society control behavior?

Through surveillance, discipline, institutions, and social norms.

Michel Foucault - What is the panopticon?

A surveillance model where people regulate their behavior because they believe they may be watched.

Michel Foucault - What is disciplinary power?

Power that shapes behavior through monitoring, rules, and correction.

Michel Foucault - What is the connection between power and deviance?

Powerful institutions influence which behaviors are considered normal or deviant.

Howard Becker - What is labeling theory?

Deviance depends partly on how society labels and reacts to behavior.

Howard Becker - What is a deviant label?

A label applied to someone whose behavior is viewed as breaking social rules.

Howard Becker - What is the central idea of labeling theory?

Social reactions can shape a person's identity and future behavior.

Howard Becker - What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A label can influence someone to behave in ways that reinforce that label. Self fulfill the label

William J. Chambliss - What did The Saints and the Roughnecks show?

Social class and reputation affect who gets labeled deviant and punished.

William J. Chambliss - Who were the Saints?

Privileged students whose misbehavior was often overlooked.

William J. Chambliss - Who were the Roughnecks?

Less privileged students who were more likely to be viewed as delinquents.

William J. Chambliss - What does the comparison reveal?

Similar behavior can receive different reactions depending on social status and reputation.

Mark Twain's The War Prayer - What is the main message?

Conformity and patriotism can hide the suffering and harm caused by war.

Mark Twain's The War Prayer - Why is the stranger treated as deviant?

He challenges the community's shared beliefs about war.

Mark Twain's The War Prayer - How does the story connect to Durkheim?

Shared beliefs unite the community but can discourage challenges to its collective conscience.

Mark Twain's The War Prayer - How does the story connect to labeling theory?

Someone who challenges the majority can be treated as deviant even when raising important questions.

Class Dismissed - How does television often portray the working class?

Through stereotypes that depict working-class people as lazy, unintelligent, or irresponsible.

Class Dismissed - What assumptions do these stereotypes reinforce?

They blame individuals for poverty and ignore structural inequality. They are assuming.

Class Dismissed - How does the documentary connect to Merton?

People may face barriers to achieving socially valued goals because they lack legitimate opportunities.

Class Dismissed - How does the documentary connect to labeling theory?

Repeated negative portrayals shape how society perceives and treats working-class people. - Class Dismissed