Biology 2 vocab

peptide bond

Covalent bond formed by condensation reaction between two amino acids

primary structure

The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein polymer & the sequence of nucleotides in a single nucleic acid strand

secondary structure

In proteins, localized folding of polypeptide chain to regular structures (alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets) stabilized by hydrogen bonding between atoms of peptide backbone. In nucleic acids, elements of structure (helices and hairpins) stabilized by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases and hydrophobic interactions with the aqueous environment

tertiary structure

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, resulting from multiple interactions among the amino acid side chains and the peptide backbone. In nucleic acids, three-dimensional shape is formed by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases and other interactions.

nucleotide

Molecule consisting of five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), one or more phosphate groups, and one of several nitrogen-containing bases = a nucleoside plus one or more phosphate groups.

phosphodiester bond

Chemical linkage between adjacent nucleotide residues in DNA and RNA. Forms when the phosphate group of one nucleotide condenses with the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide

microfilaments

the narrowest protein fibers of the eukaryotic cell's cytoskeleton, measuring about 7 nanometers in diameter and made of intertwined strands of the protein actin,part of the cytoskeleton and constitute the thin filaments in muscle cells.

microtubules

A long tubular fiber, about 25 nm in diameter, formed by polymerization of tubulin protein dimers; one of the three types of cytoskeletal fibers. Involved in cell structure, movement, and transport of materials within the cell.

intermediate filaments

lysosomes

Golgi apparatus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Monosaccharide

disaccharide

Glycosidic linkage

Polysaccharide

Starch

glycogen

Glycolysis

Citric acid cycle

Pyruvate oxidation

Pyruvate

Fermentation

Mitochondrial matrix

Electron transport chain

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)

Chemiosmosis

Proton motive force

ATP synthase

alveolus

cooperativity

metalloprotein