Avian Internal & Reproduction Anatomy

-algia

pain

-lysis

breakdown

macro-

large

micro-

small

-pathy

disease

-penia

lack

-phagia

to eat

pre-

before

Beak

Prehension

Mouth

entrance to GI tract

Oropharynx

combined oral and pharyngeal space, joint area for the digestive and respiratory systems

Tongue

taste, flat, triangular with papillae that points towards the back of the mouth

Hyoid Apparatus

A complex cartilage and bone that strengthens and supports the tongue.

Salivary glands

Secrete Bicarbonate, Mucin, and Water (BMW)

Palatine Cleft

Passage between oral and nasal cavities

Infundibular cleft

Common opening of the Eustachian tubes - canals that extend from the middle ear, function in pressure equalization during flight

Laryngeal cleft

Opening into larynx, closes to block food from entering the larynx

Larynx

allows passage of air from oropharynx into trachea, located at the top of trachea, no vocals cords

Trachea

transports air from larynx to bronchi, pale in color, has distinctive cartilage rings to hold it open for air passage

Syrinx

Y shaped organ located at the base of the trachea, responsible for vocalization

Esophagus

thin-walled distensible tube with small amounts of muscle compared to mammals

Crop

feed storage area and soaking of feed

Proventriculus

glandular stomach, provides chemical and enzymatic breakdown, secrets pepsinogen, HCl, mucous, and gastrin

Ventriculus

Muscular part that grinds feed and functions similarly to teeth, rocks and pebbles get lodged here to help with grinding.

Small Intestine

Three parts duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Produces enterokinase, carboxy-peptidase, aminopeptidase, maltase, and sucrase and bicarbonate, does NOT produce lactase

Meckel’s diverticulum

Marks where the jejunum and ileum meet, yolk sack ruminant that is part of the immune system and produces lymphocytes.

Large Intestine

Only has two parts, Ceca (plural for 2 cecum) and Colen

Cloaca

Junction of ureters, colon, and reproductive system

Bursa of Fabricius

Produces B-lymphocytes, located dorsal to the cloaca. Easily found in chicks but regressed by sexual maturity.

Vent

external opening of the cloaca. Reproductive, urinary, and fecal material exits here

Ureters

transport urine to the cloaca

epi-

upon

hyper-

over, excessive

-itis

inflammation

medio-, meso-

middle

-oma

tumor, swelling

poly-

many, several

Testes

male gonad, found in the body cavity, produce sperm and testosterone

Epididymis

found close to the vas deferens, increase sperm motility and fertilization capacity

Vas deferens

two, one for each testes, sperm storage, maximize motility and fertilization capacity, sperm maturation, and adding accessory fluids

Cloaca

Receives sperm from the vas deferens

Ovary

responsible for ova production and estrogen production, only the left one is functional

Follicles

reproductive gametes, at least 2,000 visible representing various sizes and morphologies, largest follicle is F1, next largest is F2 and so on.

Stigma Line

site of ovulation, can be identified by the lack of blood vessels, no bleeding upon ovulation, no luteal structures

Oviduct

Consists of 5 parts, each with a different function

Infundibulum - ¼ hour

catches the ova when ovulated, location of sperm storage and fertilization

Magnum - 3 hours

secretes albumen protein (egg white) around yolk

Isthmus - 1 ¼ hours

two shell membranes added here (soft shell membrane)

Uterus - 20 ¾ hours

plumping (taking up water) take place here, hard eggshell and shell pigment is deposited

Vagina - ¼ hour

rotates egg into position for laying (oviposition)