ch 6 Lysosomes and vacuoles
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What is a lysosome?
Membranous sac containing hydrolytic enzymes.
What do lysosomes digest?
Macromolecules.
What 4 molecule types can lysosomal enzymes hydrolyze?
Proteins, fats, polysaccharides, nucleic acids.
What process allows a cell to engulf another cell?
Phagocytosis.
What forms during phagocytosis?
Food vacuole.
What fuses with a food vacuole to digest its contents?
Lysosome.
What is autophagy?
Recycling the cell's own organelles and macromolecules using enzymes.
What 2 processes are illustrated in Figure 6.14?
Phagocytosis and autophagy.
What damaged organelles appear in the autophagy diagram?
Mitochondrion and peroxisome.
Which 2 cell types may have one or several vacuoles?
Plant and fungal cells.
What are the 3 types of vacuoles discussed?
Food, contractile, central.
How are food vacuoles formed?
Phagocytosis.
Where are contractile vacuoles found?
Many freshwater protists.
What do contractile vacuoles do?
Pump excess water out of cells.
Where are central vacuoles found?
Many mature plant cells.
What do central vacuoles store?
Organic compounds and water.
What process occurs in mitochondria?
Cellular respiration.
What does cellular respiration generate?
ATP.
What process occurs in chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis.
Where are chloroplasts found?
Plants and algae.
What kind of organelles are peroxisomes?
Oxidative organelles.
What 4 characteristics do mitochondria and chloroplasts share?
Not in endomembrane system; double membrane; proteins made by free ribosomes; own DNA.
Where are mitochondria found?
Nearly all eukaryotic cells.
What is the mitochondrion's outer membrane like?
Smooth.
What are the inner membrane folds called?
Cristae.
What 2 compartments does the mitochondrial inner membrane create?
Intermembrane space and matrix.
Where are some cellular respiration steps catalyzed?
Mitochondrial matrix.
Why are cristae important?
Large surface area for ATP-synthesizing enzymes.
What additional structure is shown inside the mitochondrial matrix?
Free ribosomes.
What organelle family includes chloroplasts?
Plastids.
What green pigment is inside chloroplasts?
Chlorophyll.
What other materials do chloroplasts contain for photosynthesis?
Enzymes and other molecules.
Where in plants are chloroplasts found?
Leaves and other green organs.
What are thylakoids?
Membranous sacs.
What is a granum?
Stack of thylakoids.
What is the stroma?
Internal fluid of a chloroplast.
What membranes are labeled around the chloroplast?
Inner and outer membranes.
How many membranes bound a peroxisome?
One.
What substance do peroxisomes produce and convert to water?
Hydrogen peroxide.
What does a peroxisome use to break down molecules?
Oxygen.