Patho Exam 1

What is pathophysiology?

Science of disease processes

What is homeostasis?

Internal balance/equilibrium within the body

What is a compensatory mechanism?

Body’s ability to adapt and reorganize in response to an injury or challenge

Describe negative feedback systems.

Regulatory mechanism, brings the body back to homeostasis

Describe positive feedback systems.

Amplification of a stimuli, farther from homeostasis

What is epidemiology?

Study of disease occurrence in human populations

What is etiology?

Cause of reason for the event

What does it mean if a disease is idiopathic?

There is no cause

What does intrinsic mean?

Belonging to an exclusive part

What does extrinsic mean?

Originating outside of where it was found

What is pathogenesis?

The outcome and progression of a disease

What are clinical manifestations?

Signs and symptoms of disease

Compare signs versus symptoms.

Signs are what we can see/detect, where the symptoms are what the patient experiences

Compare acute versus chronic conditions.

Acute is short but severe, while chronic is a longer form with periods of remission and exacerbation

What are surface markers within the plasma membrane, also called antigens?

Glycoproteins

What surface markers indicate blood types?

Glycoproteins

What is responsible for ⅓ of the cell’s energy expenditure?

The sodium potassium pump

How can the sodium/potassium pump be altered?

Pharmaceutically with drugs

What is the ion concentration of body fluids in the sodium/potassium pump?

Three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions pumped in

Where and when are more mitochondria present?

Exercise, liver, muscles

Describe aerobic versus anaerobic.

Aerobic is processes requiring oxygen, where anaerobic does not require oxygen

What is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration?

Lactic acid

What events can lead to excessive acidosis of the body?

Ischemic events

What is mitochondrial DNA subject to mutation by?

Oxygen-derived free radicals

What intracellular disease involves energy depletion and severe muscle weakness?

Mitochondrial disease

What organelle is responsible for recycling and involved in metabolic disease?

Lysosomes

Lack of what organelle leads to the accumulation of harmful substances?

Lysosomes

What terminal genetic disorder of the neurological system affects pediatric, genetic, mediterranean, and jewish populations?

Tay sach’s disease

Lysosome deficiency leads to accumulation of what toxin that leads to progressive neurological decline?

Ganglioside

What degrades polypeptides and proteins?

Proteasomes

What degrades long-chain fatty acids?

Peroxisomes

Which form of RNA makes proteins?

rRNA

Which form of RNA is the protein blueprint from the nucleus?

mRNA

Which form of RNA is responsible for the assembly of proteins?

tRNA

What is the disorder in which rRNA stops making proteins?

Severe hypoxia

Which organelle is responsible for the processing and packaging of proteins?

Golgi apparatus

Which organelle is responsible for transport, structural support, and movement?

Microtubules and filaments

What happens during the translating phase of protein synthesis?

tRNA attaches to amino acids, mRNA directs ribosome to synthesize proteins

Which type of RNA is used in the COVID19 vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna?

mRNA

Hypoxia may limit a cell’s ability to generate ATP. What cellular disruption may occur when ATP levels fall?

Decreased protein synthesis

Describe the primary level of prevention.

Preventing exposure to injury or disease

Describe the secondary level of prevention.

Reducing impact and affect

Describe the tertiary level of prevention.

Managing long term illness

What cellular adaptation involves tissue shrinkage?

Atrophy

What cellular adaptation involves cell enlargement?

Hypertrophy

What cellular adaptation involves multiplication of cells?

Hyperplasia

What cellular adaptation involves damaged cells replaced with abnormal cells?

Metaplasia

What cellular adaptation involves abnormal, disorganized cells?

Dysplasia

Where is the point of maximal impulse in correlation to the heart?

The apex of the heart

What noncancerous condition occurs when the prostate gland cells increase in number due to testosterone stimulation in elderly males?

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Which cellular adaptation is always pathological?

Metaplasia

Barrett’s Esophagus is caused by what cellular adaptation in the stomach?

Metaplasia

Endoscopic results reveal metaplastic changes in the duodenum. What describes these cellular changes?

Metaplasia, replacement of one cell type by another

What type of neoplasm is well differentiated and doesn’t metastasize?

Benign neoplasm

What type of neoplasm is poorly differentiated, messy, out of control, and metastasizes?

Malignant neoplasm

What are some causes of cell injury?

Physical agents, biologic agents, radiation, nutritional imbalances, chemical, poisoning, drugs, free radical formation

What are some intracellular accumulations that fill up stressed cells?

Lipids, glycogen, abnormal proteins, pigments, calcium deposits

What symptoms would you see before the person loses consciousness?

Drowsiness, confusion, light or heavy breathing

Endothelial injury caused by the forces of hypertension can initiate development of what disease?

Atherosclerosis

What chemical binds tightly to hemoglobin, decreasing it's capacity for oxygen carrying and initiating poor ventilation?

Carbon monoxide

What are some conditions that cause pathological calcifications?

Arteriosclerosis, aortic sclerosis, microcalcification in breast lesion

What is necrosis?

Tissue death

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death

What is ischemia?

Inadequate blood supply to a body part

What is a free radical?

Uncharged molecule having an unpaired valence electron

What is coagulative necrotic cell death?

Firm and opaque

What is liquefactive necrotic cell death?

Walled off, liquid goo

What is caseous necrotic cell death?

Cased off, cheese globules

What is fatty necrotic cell death?

Opaque, chalky, soapy

What are the different types of gangrene?

Wet (coagulative), dry (liquefactive), and gas

What is a gangrene?

A mass of tissue necrosis

What is a gangrene caused by?

Lack of blood supply, tissue death

What are the steps of carcinogenesis?

Initiation, promotion, progression

What is simple diffusion?

Diffusion across a concentration gradient without energy

What is facilitated diffusion?

Diffusion across a membrane with a carrier protein

What is active transport?

Transport across a membrane using a protein pump

What is vesicular transport?

Movement across a membrane using a vesicle

What is osmosis?

Movement of water from high to low concentration

What are the stages of mitosis?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is meiosis?

Sexual reproduction

What areas of the body contain smooth muscle?

Digestive tract, blood vessels, bladder, uterus, airways

Why is smooth muscle important?

Helps body maintain homeostasis

Compare general adaptation syndrome to local adaptation syndrome.

Full body reaction versus a localized/minimized response

What stage does fight or flight occur in the stress response?

Alarm stage

Which substances are released by the adrenal medulla during the stress response?

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, beta endorphins

How do sympathomimetics affect the body?

Increase heart rate, force cardiac contraction, elevate blood pressure

What does cortisol do?

Regulation of body’s stress response

Why are endorphins released during times of stress or exercise?

Body’s natural pain reliever

What happens if the body fails to adapt?

Body will begin to shut down in exhaustion stage

What is the purpose of the major histocompatibility complex?

To distinguish self cells versus antigens from an invader

What is passive acquired adaptive immunity?

Injection of premanufactured immunoglobulins, short term

What is an example of passive acquired adaptive immunity?

Hepatitis B immunoglobulin

Compare B lymphocytes to T lymphocytes.

B is humoral, T is cell-mediated

How does immunocompetence develop?

Diet, aging, exposure to disease or medication

How are T cells involved in immunocompetence and at what stage of life?

Memory cells to fight off infections starting in childhood

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

Plasma cells

What are CD4+ cells?

T helper cells

What are CD4+ cells’ role in the immune system?

Involved in cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity, influencing all other cells of the immune system

What are CD8 cells?

Cytotoxic T cells

What are CD8 cells’ role in the immune system?

Directly attacks antigens