AP Exam 3 review (Respiratory)

what speech/language symptoms would you observe in someone who has an altered respiratory system?

difficulties in volume of speech and length of long utterances

what are the 5 components of the framework of the respiratory system?

1. vertebral column

2. rib cage

3. pectoral girdle

4. pelvic girdle

5. trachea/bronchial tree

what is the framework of the respiratory system refer to?

the skeletal system of resp. system

how many bones is the vertebral/ spinal column composed of?

33 individual bones

what are the 3 jobs of the spine?

1. facilitates movement of our body

2. provides protection for the spinal cord

3. helps bear our body's weight

what two structures is the spine composed of?

intervertebral discs and cartilganeous CT in between each vertebra

What is a herniated disc?

displaced intervertebral and sticks out, irritates dorsal and ventral root fiber nerves

what are the 5 regions of the vertebral/spinal column?

cervical (C1-C7)

thoracic (T1-T12)

lumbar (L1-L5)

sacram

coccyx

what does the first vertebra articulate with?

the occipital bone of the skull

What is C1 called and what does it do?

Atlas: it carries the weight and facilitates the movements of your head

what is C2 called and what does it do?

Axis: form a joint with C1 and facilitates movement of the head

what structure is located on the axis and helps turn your head side to side/ forms joint with axis?

dens

what do cervical vertebra look like and why?

they have little holes known as foramina on the lateral sides

so that blood vessels and nerves can pass through foramina

what is the function of the thoracic region of the vertebral column?

Facilitate our rib cage and articulate with the rib bones

what is the structure and function of the lumbar region of the vertebral column?

Bigger to support more weight

what is the function of the sacrum region of the vertebral column?

Main job is to transfer the weight of the body to the pelvis when you bend over

what 2 functions does the coccyx region of the vertebral column have?

1. Provides attachments for various muscles

2. Fuse as you get age

true or false: all vertebra look the same and all share the same function

FALSE: No two vertebra look the same and all have different functions

what are the 6 landmarks we must know on the verebra?

Vertebral body aka corpus

Vertebral foramen

Pedicle

Transverse process

Lamina

Spinous process

what is the biggest bulk of the vertebra and where the intervertebral discs lie?

the vertebral body/ corpus

what is the triangular hole formed by pedicle and lamina and where the spinal cord resides?

vertebral foramen

what are the projections out of the body of vertebra that connect to the transverse process called?

pedicles

what are the projections on sides of body (looks like giraffe ears)?

transverse process

what is the thinner part of the vertebra that connects each side to the pedicle?

lamina

what is the projection on posterior part of vertebra (looks like the nose of the giraffe) or the bone you can feel when you run your hand down your spine?

spinous process

what two structures make up the rib cage?

the ribs and sternum

how many ribs does the average human have?

12 pairs

how are ribs anatomically named?

1-12 corresponding to their height

what are the 2 points where ribs connect/articulate with vertebral column?

head of rib and articular facet on tubercle

true or false: all ribs have an anterior and posterior attachment?

FALSE: all ribs have a posterior attachment with the vertebral column, but not all ribs have an anterior attachment

if ribs to attach anteriorally, where do they attach to?

sternum ((Manubrium, Body, Xyphoid process)

where do ribs attach to posteriorly?

Vertebra (corpus and transverse process)

what are the 3 types of ribs?

Vertebrosternal (R1-R7)

Vertebrochondral (R8-R10)

Vertebral (R11-R12)

what are Vertebrosternal (R1-R7) also known as?

true ribs because of their direct attachment to the sternum

what are Vertebrochondral (R8-R10) also known as?

false ribs

what are Vertebral (R11-R12) also known as?

floating ribs

what are the 3 parts of the sternum?

1. manubrium

2. body

3. xiphoid process

What 2 bones make up the pectoral girdle?

clavicle and scapula

Where does the clavicle attach?

attaches directly to superior portion of rib body

where does the scapula attach?

attaches to clavicle

what complex of the body are the clavicle and scapula a part of?

the arm complex

what is the origin for several muscles of respiration?

the pectoral girdle

what is the pelvic girdle composed of?

2 coxal bones (a part of the leg complex)

how do the hip bones attach on the vertebral column?

via the sacrum

what are the 3 landmarks of the coxal bones?

Ilium- dish part of C bone

Ischium- "eye-mask" looking structure aka "sit bones"

Pubis- superior of ischium, forms pubic area

what is a hollow tube made up of cartilaginous rings?

the trachea

what is the superior point of the trachea?

the larynx

what is the inferior point of the trachea?

bifurcation of the trachea

what does the bifuraction of the trachea split into and the ladder effect?

splits into bronchus, then bronchi, then bronchioles

what happens with each split of bronchus in the trachea?

the fibracations become more softer and smaller and become microscopic

where does the splitting of bronchus of the trachea occur?

All is encased within the lungs

what is the process that causes air to enter the lungs called?

Inspiration/ inhalation

what is the process that causes air to exit the lungs called?

Expiration/exhalation

in reference to the muscles in the inspiration, what happens to the mucles?

they contract which expands the rib cage

what is the role of the muscles in the inspiration?

they perform the greatest work during inspiration/inhalation, only job is to facilitate breathing

true or false: muscles pull towards their origin

true

what are the 3 primary muscles of inspiration?

1. diaphragm

2. external intercostals

3. internal intercostals

what is the role of the secondary muscles in the inspiration?

assist when

1) there is a greater demand for air intake

2) the rib cage is not expanding enough with contraction of the primary muscles alone

how many secondary muscles of inspiration are there?

14 muscles categorized into 3 sections and only work if they have to (e.g., after exercise, illness, anxiety/stress, yawning)

what are the 3 regions the secondary muscles of inspiration are divided into?

1. ventral thorax

2. dorsal thorax

3. neck

what are the 3 dimensions of expansion in breathing?

vertical- from the diaphragm moving up and down

transverse/lateral- from the external intercostals expanding ribs in and out

anterior- from internal intercostals expanding front to back

what is the primary muscles for respiration?

diaphragm

what muscles separates the thorax and abdomen regions?

diaphragm

How is the diaphragm shaped?

Shaped of an umbrella, very thin sheet

Bi-domed

Which side of the diaphragm is higher and why?

right because of the liver

where are the 3 pointsof origin for the diaphragm?

1.Sternal portion (posterior surface of the xiphoid process)

2.Costal portion (lower 6 ribs)

3.Lumbar portion (L1-L3), along the spine

where is the insertion point of the diaphragm?

Central Tendon- fibers course upward

what is the action of the diaphragm?

when it contracts: moves downward towards abdomen and increases vertical volume of the thorax

what is the action of the diaphragm during inspiration/inhalation?

diaphragm contracts and moves down

what is the action of the diaphragm during expiration/exhalation?

diaphragm relaxes and moves up to resting position

where are the intercostal muscles located?

between the ribs

how are the fibers of the intercostal muscles arranged?

Fibers course obliquely/diagonally but in opposite directions of external intercostal; intercostal= angled toward the sternum

where do intercostal muscles originate?

to the rib immediately above

where do intercostal muscles insert at?

to the rib immediately below

what action do all intercostal muscles do?

they work together to pull the ribs up

what are two actions of the intercostal muscles?

External Intercostals and Internalintercostals

what is the action of the external intercostals?

elevates ribs during inspiration

Where are the external intercostal muscles located?

They start at the vertebral column and stop at the costal cartilage (do not wrap all the way around)

what is actions of the internal intercostal muscles during inspiration?

they attach along the anterior rib cage, the rib immediately below is elevated

Expansion of rib cage ventral

what is actions of the internal intercostal muscles during expiration?

they attach along the lateral and posterior rib cage, they lower the ribs

what are the 4 muscles in the ventral thorax region of the secondary muscles of inspiration?

Pecotoralis Major

pectoralis minor

Subclavius

Serrattus anterior

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

pectoralis major

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

pectoralis minor

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

subclavius

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

serrattus anterior

what are the 6 muscles of the dorsal thorax of secondary muscles of inspiration?

Iliocostalis cervicis

Iliocostalis thoracis

Latismus dorsi

Levator costarum brevis

Levator costarum longus

Serratus posterior superior

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

Iliocostalis cervicis

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

iliocostalis thoracis

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

latisimus dorsi

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

Levator costarum brevis

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

Levator costarum longus

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

Serratus posterior superior

what are the 2 muscles in the neck region of the secondary muscles of inpiration?

Sternocleidomastoid and Scalene

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

sternocleidomastoid

what muscle is the arrow pointing to?

scalene

what do all secondary muscles of inspiration do?

help/aid with elevation of the rib cage

in reference to the muscles in the expiration, what happens to the muscles?

contraction of the rib cage, used to get the air out of the lungs

where are the Primary muscles of expiration located?

found within the wall of the abdomen- muscles are more superficial

what are the 4 pairs of primary muscles of expiration?

external oblique

internal oblique

rectus abdomins

transverse abdomins

the muscle fibers in external oblique form what?

form a "V"/ course diagonally downward