trematodes from ingesting hosts and skin penetration

which of the following trematode life stages is infective on ingestion by the final host?

egg

miracidium

sporocyst

ceraria

metacercaria

metacercaria

what is the name of the structure indicated by the arrow?

miracidium

kinetoplast

operculum

arista

sporozoite

operculum

which of the following bacteria is involved in the pathogenesis of black disease in ruminants?

clostridiodes difficile

clostridium perfringens

clostridium tetani

clostridium novyi

clostridium piliforme

costridium novyi

what is the most appropriate method to control fascioloides magna infection in sheep and goats?

fecal test and isolate and cull infected animals

regular monthly deworming of all animals

fencing off ponds and marshy areas

yearly vaccination of newly acquired animals

clean and disinfect all farm equipment and stalls

fencing off ponds and marshy areas

which of the following is true regarding paramphistomes?

they can affect cattle, sheep, and horse hosts

they are recognizable by the anterior ventral and oral suckers

cattle acquire infection by ingestion of eggs in feces

migration of adults throughout body can result in disease

there is no approved treatment for this parasite

there is no approved treatment for this parasite

nanophyetus salmincola

nanophyetus salmincola live as adults in

the small intestine of definitive host

nanophyetus salmincola eggs are passed from host and then

miracidia enter snail, cercariae penetrate salmonoid skin, encyst as metacerariae

how do you get infected with nanophyetus salmincola

via ingestion of metacercariae in fish

nanophyetus salmincola definitive host

dog and cat

nanophyetus salmincola

nanophyetus salmincola flukes can cause

a bacterial disease called salmon poisioning disease

nanophyetus salmincola causing salmon poisoning disease

what causes salmon poisoning disease in dogs

flukes containing neorickettsia helminthoeca (rickettsial agent)

where is neorickettsia helminthoeca common

west coast of US

salmon poisoning disease clinical signs

lymphadenomegaly of cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes and hemorrhagic enteritis

treatment of salmon poisoning disease

doxycycline and oxytetracycline

salmon poisoning disease treatment challenge

90% of cases fatal without treatment

paragonimus

paragonimus live in

pairs or groups in cysts within lungs

paragonimus definitive host

cat and dog

paragonimus infection via

ingestion of metacercariae in crabs and crayfish

paragonimus clinical signs

chronic coughing

paragonimus and coughing

bullae can form and rupture leading to pneumothorax

cause of paragonimus

paragonimus

paragonimus diagnosis

large vase shaped operculated eggs in feces (or sputum) or a thickened ridge surrounding operculum

another diagnostic for paragonimus

transtracheal wash

dicrocoelium dendriticum

dicrocoelium dendriticum lives in

gallbladder, bile, and pancreatic duct of mammals, birds, and reptiles

dicrocoelium dendriticum definitive host

sheep, cattle, pigs, llamas, and alpacas

dicrocoelium dendriticum eggs

eggs from hosts ingested by land snail, cercariae leave snail in slime balls, ingested by ants and form metacercariae

dicrocoelium dendriticum result

dicrocoelium dendriticum disease

large number of flukes can occur usually with no clinical signs

dicrocoelium dendriticum chronic disease

can rarely cause progressive hepatic cirrhosis with cachexia, low wool production, decreased lactation

dicrocoelium dendriticum

dicrocoelium dendriticum diagnosis

small lopsided yellow brown operculate eggs

dicrocoelium dendriticum prevention

relies on covering anthills or keeping insectivores

insectivores

ducks, turkeys, chickens

platynosomum fastosum

lizard poisoning disease

where do platynosomum fastosum live

in bile and pancreatic ducts of cats

platynosomum fastosum

where are platynosomum fastosum common

southeastern US and caribbean

platynosomum fastosum eggs passed in feces and then

develop to cercariae in land snails, cercariae ingested by pill bugs and develop to metacercariae

who acts as paratenic hosts after ingesting pill bugs for platynosomum fastosum

lizards, toads, geckos, and skinks

how are cats infected with platynosomum fastosum

by ingesting pill bugs or paratenic hosts

platynosomum fastosum

platynosomum fastosum

what can platynosomum fastosum cause

acute and chronic cholangitis and jaundice

what is platynosomum fastosum associated with

cholangiocarcinoma

alaria

spoon shaped flukes

alaria adults live in

in intestinal tract of canids and felids

alaria eggs passed in feces hatch in water and then

infect snail, exit and penetrate tadpoles, develop to mesocercariae (unencysted metacercariae)

alaria mesocercariae can be passed to

frogs, snakes, or mice that eat tadpoles

alaria definitive host ingests mesocercariae that develop to

metacercariae in lungs, then coughed up and swallowed to mature to adult in intestine

how can alaria mesocercariae be transmitted

through mother’s milk

alaria

alaria clinical signs

migration of mesocercariae can cause disease such as pulmonary hemorrhage

adult alaria can be associated with

enteritis

alaria

alaria is potentially

zoonotic in humans eating undercooked frog meat

schistosomes

schistosomes live as adults in

mesenteric veins of birds and mammals

schistosomes mating

seperate sexes mate within veins and pass eggs into blood that enter intestine

what do schistosome eggs produce

proteolytic enzymes to erode mesenteric vein and intestinal wall inducing granulomatous inflammation

schistosome eggs hatch in water, develop to cercariae in snail and then

cercariae penetrate skin of definitive hosts, migrate to lungs, liver, and then mesenteric veins

schistosomes

schistosomes cercaria

heterobilharzia americana

heterobilharzia americana can affect

dogs in the southern US

heterobilharzia americana final host and how

raccoons and dogs where the cercariae penetrate skin of swimming hosts

schistosome clinical disease

hypercalcemia and eggs can disseminate into body causing widespread granulomas

schistosomes

schistosomes diagnosis

fecal sedimentation in NaCI and eggs will hatch on exposure to water

schistosomes in humans

US schistosomes

swimmer’s itch

swimmer’s itch is

cercarial dermatitis is caused by waterfowl schistosomes

what happens in swimmer’s itch

cercariae invade human skin when swimming in ponds and causes a rash due to hypersensitivity reaction

praziquantel

effective against a wide range of cestodes and trematodes

praziquantel safety

considered very safe and is safe in breeding/pregnant animals

praziquantel high doses

can cause vomiting and tremors

praziquantel resistance

resistance is developing in tapeworm dipylidium caninum