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Particle Model

A scientific theory explaining the behavior of matter in solid, liquid, and gas states.

Solids

States of matter where particles are closely packed in a fixed arrangement, having a definite shape and volume.

Liquids

States of matter where particles are close but not fixed, allowing them to flow and take the shape of their container.

Gases

States of matter where particles are far apart and move freely, filling any container and being compressible.

Conduction

The transfer of heat through direct contact between particles.

Convection

The transfer of heat by the movement of fluids, creating convection currents.

Radiation

The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves without a medium.

Sound

A type of energy produced by vibrating objects, traveling through a medium in waves.

Longitudinal Waves

Waves where particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of wave travel.

Law of Conservation of Energy

The principle stating that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of motion.

Potential Energy

The energy stored due to an object's position or state.

Thermal Energy

The energy of an object due to the movement of its particles, often felt as heat.

Chemical Energy

The energy stored in chemical bonds, such as in food or fuel.

Electrical Energy

The energy of moving electrons, used to power devices.

Nuclear Energy

The energy stored in the nucleus of an atom, released in nuclear reactions.

Radiant Energy

The energy carried by electromagnetic waves, such as light.

Independent Variable

The variable changed in an experiment to test its effects on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The variable being tested and measured in an experiment, affected by the independent variable.

Control Variables

Variables kept constant in an experiment to ensure accurate measurement of the independent variable's effect.

Amplitude

The height of a sound wave, representing its loudness.

Wavelength

The distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions in a sound wave, determining pitch.

Frequency

The number of waves passing a point per second, related to pitch.