BioMed - Immunity - Notes

Macrophages are the ____ line of defense in the innate immune system

First

Recognizes PAMPS on pathogens vial toll-like receptors on _____

Macrophages

_____ secretes cytokines to initiate inflammatory response

Macrophages

____ recruit neutrophils and NK cells to site of infection

Macrophages

____ recruit from blood to infection site by macrophages

Neutrophils

Fast intense pathogen killing response through phagocytosis

Neutrophils

Recognizes infected cell directly (doesn’t kill the pathogen directly)

Natural Killer (NK) cells

Surface receptors on ___ and host cells determin activation or inhibition of ____

NK cells, NK cells

___ secretes perforins and granzymes to initiate apoptosis in infected cell

NK cell

Soluble proteins found in blood and around tissues

Complement system

____ are in the compliment system and they help immune cells recognize pathogens or infected cells

Opsonins

The membrane attack system (MAC) is found in the ____ system

complement

The complement system further promotes ____

Inflammation

Recognition of microbial pathogen by _____is first step in innate response

cellular macrophages

PAMPs stands for

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Toll like receptors on the Macrophage recognize and bind to _____

PAMPs

Phagocytosis -

eats the microbe

In the systematic inflammatory response, the ____ sends out signals for help when overwhelmed

Macrophage

Cytokines are a ____

Chemical signal

Macrophages recruit Neutrophils to the infection through ____

Cytokines

Neutrophils ____ bacteria or viruses

Phagocytose

Macrophages recruit _____ to site of infection

natural killer cells

________attack infected human cells to kill them

Natural killer cells

KAR

Activated

KIR

Inhibition

MHC1 (Infected cell)

Binds to KIR

MIC A/B (Infected Cell)

Binds to KAR

Does the NK cell kill the infected cell, not the actual microbe?

Yes

Infected target cells produce stress molecules ___ & ____

MHCA & MHCB

Activation of NK cells results in __________release to

kill infected cell

perforin/granzyme

Perforins do what to an infected cell?

Punch a hole

What does granzyme do to an infected cell?

Goes into the hole punched by perforin and kills the cell

What types of cells are part of the adaptive immune response?

B and T cells (In lymph nodes)

CD4+ T cells recognize antigen bound to _____

MHC II

CD8+ T cells recognize antigen bound to _____

MHC I

Antigen presenting cells

Dendritic, Macrophages, B cells

What role do dendritic cells play in initiating the adaptive immune response?

They present antigens to T cells

What is an antigen?

A piece of a pathogen is taken and presented to the adaptive immune system (T cells) by Dendritic Cells

T cell receptors can be compared to a library of T Cells because…

They have a vast catalog that can recognize almost anything

Dendritic cells scan T Cells looking for ___

a protein that matches the antigen

The ________ is a professional antigen-presenting cell. It presents antigen on its surface via MHC II to a T cell that specifically recognizes that antigen

dendritic cell

The Dendritic cell presents antigens on its surface via MHC II and finds …

A T cell that recognizes the antigen

_______ multiply (clonal expansion) and differentiate into T helper cells

CD4+ T cells

T helper cells travel to site of infection to activate macrophages

and promote _______

inflammation

________ help naïve CD8+ T cells differentiate into cytotoxic killer cells

T helper cells

What do Cytotoxic T Cells do?

They kill infected cells in the body

An infected cell presents antigen bound to MHC I to a _____________. The T cell receptor recognizes the antigen-MHC I complex.

CD8+ cytotoxic T cell

______ interaction leads to programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Cytotoxic T cell

FasL on _____ activates Fas on infected cell

T cell

T or F: T helper cells activate B cells

True

B cell binds to pathogen component via ___ and presents on surface via MHCII

BCR

______ finds the correct B cell based on the antigen-MHC II on

the B cell.

T helper cell

T helper cells activate clonal expansion and differentiation of B cells into

________&________

plasma cells and memory B cells

Antibodies bind to surface proteins on pathogen to prevent pathogen binding to host cell. Also bind to toxins produced by pathogen.

Neutralization

Antibody-bound pathogens are recognized by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, resulting in phagocytosis

Opsonization

Results in opsonization, inflammation and membrane attack complex (MAC)

Complement Activation

Antibody binding to an infected cell recruits NK cells

Antibody-mediated cell cytotoxicity

_____ acts as an opsonin that is recognized by phagocytic macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells

Antibody

Antibodies on surface of infected cell act as opsonin that helps NK

cells recognize it. This is called…

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Some immature T-cells contain t-cells with T-cell receptors that recognize your own tissue. If they aren’t destroyed, it leads to _______.

autoimmunity

What do Self MHC molecules do? (Inside thymus)

Find & bind to T-cells that recognize self and destroy them

A strong affinity between Immature T cells and Self MHC molecules = ______

Apoptosis

Peripheral T cell tolerance in Lymph node or spleen connects a T regulatory cell to a _______ cell which connects to the autoreactive T cell.

dendritic Cell

Glucose enters the ______to induce insulin synthesis and secretion

β-cell