BIO 221 A&P I EXAM 2

until week 8 in embryonic development the fetal skeleton is

hyaline cartilage and fibrous membrane

after week 8 cartilage is replaced by...

bone

what are the seven bone functions

support

protection

anchorage

blood cell formation

mineral storage

fat storage

hormone production

what are the bone membranes and where are they located

endosteum lining the internal bone surfaces / periosteum covering the outer membrane

what are the three types of bone markings

bulges, depressions and holes

what do bone markings serve as

sites of attachment, joint surfaces, passages for blood vessels and nerves

what are the names of the bone textures

compact and spongy

what is compact bone

is a dense outer layer found in all bones

what is spongy bone

honeycomb of trabeculae filled with red or yellow bone marrow

what does the structure of long bones consist of

periosteum, endosteum, compact bone, medullary cavity, yellow marrow, spongy bone

spongy and compact bones are made up of what cell types

osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

what are short bones

bones with similar dimensions on all sides, found in the wrists and ankles

what are irregular bones

bones with no definite shape that look unsual, found in the vertebrae

what are long bones

bonese that are longer than they are wide, found in the appendages

what are flat bones

bones that are squished flat, found in the skull and sternum

where is the axial skeleton

head, neck, trunk

where is the appendicular skeleton

arms and legs

what is a comminuted fracture

bone fragments into three or more pieces

what is a compression fracture

bone is crushed

what is an epiphyseal fracture

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

what is a spiral fracture

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

what is a depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward

what is a greenstick fracture

bone breaks incompletely

what are the two ways to repair a fracture

closed reduction and open reduction

what is closed reduction

broken ends are manipulated back into place without surgery

what is open reduction

fragments are exposed by surgery and fixed in place with hardware

What is a nondisplaced fracture

the bone ends retain their normal position

what is a displaced fracture

the bone ends are out of normal alignment

what is a complete fracture

the bone is broken all the way through

what is an incomplete fracture

the bone is not broken all the way through

what is a linear fracture

the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone

what is a transverse fracture

the fractured is along the transverse plane

what is a compound fracture

the bone breaks through the skin

what is a simple fracture

the bone doesn't pierce through the skin

stages of a bone fracture healing in order

hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, remodeling occurs

osteoporosis is a condition where

where bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping off a curb can cause fractures because bone reabsorption occurs faster than bone deposit

which of the following is not a function of bones

all are functions of bone

all of the following bones are part of the thoracic cage except

scapula

what is endochondral ossification

bones are formed by replacing hyaline cartilaage

why does bone growth stop after puberty

because epiphyseal plates are eventually replaced by bone tissue

these bones contain a foramen that allows the spinal cord to pass through

the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

which type of cartilage makes up the intervertebral disc

fibrocartilage

which type joint function has the least amount of movement

synarthroses

what is the double-layered fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the entire outer surface of a bone.

periosteum

an example of syndesmosis is

the distal joint of the tibia and fibula

which of the following is CORRECT regarding skeletal muscle motor units?

small motor units are used for fine movements (e.g. eyes, finger)

if bones are inadequately mineralized via an insufficient calcium intake in the diet or a vitamin d deficiency, resulting soft weak bones, and the main symptom is pain when weight is applied what is their probable diagnosis?

osteomalacia

when the bones in children are inadequately mineralized causing soft, weak bones and the main symptom is bowed legs and pelvis, skull and ribcage deformities. what is the probable diagnosis?

rickets

uncontrolled remodeling, more spongy bone deposits = creating larger weaker bones. is likely what diagnosis?

paget’s disease

what is osteosarcoma

a malignant tumor of the bone, primarily found in children and young adults

gorham-stout syndrome

progressive bone loss

what is the skeleton made of

bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments

what bone is the central wedge/keystone and articulates with all other cranial bones

the sphenoid bone

what bone is the most deep of the skull bones

the ethmoid bone

what do the facial bones do

it provides opening for the passage of air and food, and anchor’s the facial muscles of expression

what is the largest and strongest bone of the face

the mandible

what is the facial keystone bone

the maxillae

how many vertebrae are in the cervical vertebrae

7

how many vertebrae are in the thoracic vertebrae

12

how many vertebrae are in the lumbar vertebrae

5

when do the thoracic and sacral curvatures develop

before birth

when do cervical curvatures form

when infants learn to hold their head at 3 months

when do lumbar curvatures from

as infants stand and walk at 12 months

what makes up the thoracic cage

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum and costal cartilages

what are the functions of the thoracic cage

it is a protective cage around the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels, it supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs, it is an attachment for many neck, back, chest, shoulder muscles, and it uses intercostal muscles to life and depress the thorax during breathing.

what makes up the pectoral girdle

clavicle and scapula

what makes up the upper limb

humerus, radius and ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

what makes up the pelvic girdle

left and right coxal bones

what makes up the lower limb

thigh, leg, and foot

what are the functions of the pelvic girdle

it attaches lower limbs, transmits body weight to legs, supports visceral organs of the pelvis, and forms strong, stable, but less mobile joints with the leg

what is the difference between the female and male pelvis

a smaller and wider pelvic brim, pubic arch is wider with a larger angle, and the bone is physically smoother in the hips v.s. the pelvic brim a heart/oval shape, with a more narrow pubic arch, the bone is much rougher due their to their big size

what is the function of the foot

it supports body weight and acts as a lever to propel the body forward in walking and running.

what are joints

the sites where two or more bones meet

what are the functions of joints

to hold the skeleton together and allow for mobility

what are the types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

describe a fibrous joints

they have no joint cavity, are immovable, and joined by fibrous tissues

what are the types of fibrous joints

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

what are sutures

joints held together with short interconnecting fibers

what is syndesmosis

a joint held together by a ligament

what are gomphosis

peg-and-socket fibrous joints, that are non-moving joint

what are cartilaginous joints

bones that are connected by cartilage

what are the two types of cartilaginous joints

synchondroses and symphyses

what are synchondrosis made of

hyaline cartilage

what are symphyses made of

both fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

what are synovial joints

articulating bones that are seperated by a fluid-containing joint cavity

what are the six characteristics of synovial joints

joint cavity, articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels

what is joint stability determined by

articular surfaces, reinforcing ligaments, and muscle tone

in what injury is a ligaments stretched or torn

a sprain

what injury results in overstressed cartilage

cartilage injury

what injurey is caused by bones that are forced out of alignment

dislocation

what is the term for when you have a partial dislocation of a joint

subluxation

bursitis

is the inflammation of bursa, typically caused from a blow or friction

tendonitis

inflammation of tendon sheaths, the most common cause is overuse

arthritis

the inflammation of a joint it is one of the most widespread crippling diseases in the US

how many muscles are there in the muscular system

600+

how does the muscular system contribute to homeostasis

it stabilizes your body position, it produces movement, including moving substances through the body, and it generates heat.

what are the interactions of skeletal muscles

skeletal muscles work together or in opposition, muscles only pull, when a muscle shortens, the insertion generally moves toward the origin, and whatever a muscle or grouped of muscles does, another muscle our grouped of muscle undoes it.

whar are prime movers

they provide the major force for producing a specific movement

antagonists

they oppose or reverse a particular movement

what are synergists

they add force to a movement, reduce undesirable or unnecessary movements