Types of Movements and Muscular System Structure

Flashcards summarizing movement types in plants and animals, including cytoplasmic streaming, plant tropisms, pulling roots, and detailed skeletal muscle anatomy from the lecture notes.

Positional Movement

Movement occurring in specific organs in relation to the body rather than movement of the whole body, such as cytoplasmic streaming or intestinal peristalsis in vertebrates.

Total Movement

Movement involving the change in position of the whole body from one place to another, performed for activities like searching for food, searching for light, escaping danger, or mating.

Continuous Movement

Movement occurring continuously in all living cells to maintain vital activities, exemplified by cytoplasmic streaming.

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Rotational movement of cytoplasm in one direction within living cells that requires ATP and large mitochondria to transport nutrients, indicated by the movement of chloroplasts in Elodea plant cells.

Touch Movement

A plant movement response observed in Mimosa where touching leaflets causes them to collapse as if wilting, dependent on osmosis.

Sleeping and Awakening Movement

Plant movement in Mimosa and leguminous plants (e.g., Bean, Pea) dependent on osmosis, where leaves collapse in darkness and spread or open in light.

Tropism

The curvature or bending response of different plant parts to environmental stimuli such as light (phototropism), gravity (geotropism), and humidity (hydrotropism).

Thigmotropism (Pulling Movement in Tendrils)

The twining of a pea plant tendril around a solid support caused by high auxin concentration stimulating fast growth on the side away from support, while low auxin concentration and friction slow growth on the side in contact.

Pulling Roots

Specialized roots in corms and bulbs (such as Colocasia and Narcissus) that contract to lower subterranean storing stems to a suitable soil depth to protect aerial parts against wind.

Auxins

Plant hormones that stimulate cell elongation in stems but inhibit cell elongation in roots at high concentrations.

Muscular System in Man

The system composed of about $620$ muscles (flesh matter) responsible for locomotion, body transport, and maintaining continuous blood pressure at $120/80$ through blood vessel contraction.

Skeletal Muscle Fiber

The structural unit of the muscular system, consisting of an elongated, multinucleated cell capable of contraction and relaxation.

Sarcolemma

The cell membrane that surrounds the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber.

Sarcoplasm

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber containing large mitochondria and multiple nuclei.

Myofibrils

Parallel protein structures inside a muscle fiber numbering from $1000$ to $2000$ per fiber, arranged longitudinally and composed of actin and myosin filaments.

Perimysium

The membrane that surrounds each muscle bundle within a skeletal muscle.

Light Band (I-band)

A region in a myofibril containing only actin protein filaments, bisected by a dark zigzag Z-line.

Dark Band (A-band)

A region in a myofibril containing both actin and myosin protein filaments, bisected by a semi-light H-zone.

H-Zone

A semi-light region situated in the center of a dark band (A-band) containing myosin filaments only.

Sarcomere

The muscle piece or functional unit of a myofibril located between two consecutive Z-lines.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated, involuntary muscle tissue located in the walls of internal structures such as blood vessels and the intestine.