Psy 341 Exam 1 (CSUF Dr. Mori)

4 D's of abnormality

Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Dangerous

Demonology

the study of demons or of beliefs about them

somatogenic perspective

the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Biopsychosocial Model

A model of illness that holds that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

Correlational study

research procedure used to determine the relationships between variables as they exist in nature (measured as they exist in nature, no manipulation)

Epidemiological study

a study that measures the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population

Experimental design

the variable is manipulated and the manipulation will have an effect on another variable being observed (manipulated variable=independent variable ; variable being observed=dependent variable)

Quasi experimental design

Research design that fails to include key elements of a "pure" experiment

Internal Validity

The accuracy with which a study can pinpoint one of various possible factors as the cause of a phenomenon

External Validity

The degree to which the results of a study may be generalized beyond that study.

Placebo Effect

: improvement in physical or psychological condition that is attributable to a patient's expectations of help rather than to any specific active ingredient in a treatment

Masked design

experiment in which participants do not know which assigned group they're in

Double blind procedure

experiment in which both participants and experimenters are unaware of the groups to which participants are assigned

Control group

research participants who are not exposed to the independent variable, but whose experience is similar to that of the experimental group

Inter-rater reliability

A measure of the reliability of a test or of research results in which the consistency of evaluations across different judges is assessed.

Test-retest reliability

a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions

Biological Model

Dysfunctional brain = psychopathology

All psychopathology is caused by dysfunctional biological (brain) processes

(Hippocrates)

Difficulties of Biological Model

unknown etiology of mental illness; no independent means of verifying the existence of disease other than patient self-report in many cases

Treatment for Biological Model

drug therapy, medication, ECT (electroconvulsive shock therapy), TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation), psychosurgery like lobotomies and deep brain stimulation (DBS), light therapy, etc

4 Neurotransmitters

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): anxiety disorders (d/o's)

norepinephrine (NE): anxiety d/o's

serotonin (SE): depression

dopamine (DA): schizophrenia

Types of Antidepressants

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

tricyclics

Names of Antidepressants

Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Celexa, and Wellbutrin.

Antipsychotics

known as major tranquilizers, phenothiazines, or neuroleptics - traditional/1st generation and atypical/2nd generation antipsychotics

Names of Antipsychotics

Abilify, Geodon, Seroquel, Haldol, Thorazine, and Zyprexa.

Names of Mood Stabilizers

Lithium, Lamictal, Luvox, Depakote, and Tegretol.

Anti anxiety (anxiolytics or minor tranquilizers or benzodiazepines)

Ativan, Xanax, Librium, Valium.

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic model

theoretical perspective that sees all human functioning as being shaped by dynamic Interacting) psychological forces and explains peoples behavior by reference to unconscious internal conflicts

Main theme: psychopathology due to unconscious conflicts, typically these are unresolved childhood conflicts/traumas/fixations; insight=cure.

Pros/Cons of psychodynamic model

Pros - promoted uniqueness of the individual and respect/humane view of those with mental illnesses; pioneered talk therapy as a viable treatment approach

Cons - unverifiable concepts, depends on (long ago) case studies for research support

Psychodynamic theorists

Jung (collective unconscious; archetypes)

Horney (parent-child relationships key to healthy psychological development)

Mahler (parent-child attachment or bonding; object relations therapy)

Freud (central forces shape personality)

Psychodynamic treatment methods

free association: patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant

dream analysis: analyzing dreams

interpretation: offering of a meaning of a patients therapeutic material

transference: redirection towards the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patients life, current or in the past

Cognitive Behavioral Model

emphasizes both behavior and the process and content of thinking as causes of psychological problems

Main theme: learning (behavioral) paradigm first viewed psychopathology as caused by environmental factors alone. Later with the onset of cognitive theories, behavioral theory expanded to include cognitions as another link to environmentally- induced disorders (e.g., the way a person comprehends or perceives the situation can lead to emitting maladaptive behaviors).

Types of learning for Cognitive Behavioral Model

1) Pavlov - classical conditioning (stimulus elicits or triggers response)

2) Skinner - operant conditioning (stimulus cues the individual to emit or choose a response; consequences of that choice either strengthen that behavior - e.g., positive and negative reinforcement - or weaken the behavior - e.g., punishment).

3) Bandura - Modeling or social learning is the third type of learning; acquired knowledge through observation or exposure (ex., reading).

Cognitive Behavior model Treatments

flooding: exposure therapy where client is shown images of feared object

systematic desensitization: exposure therapy that uses relaxation training and a fear hierarchy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects they dread

response prevention: purposely prolonging exposure and anxiety while requiring individuals to refrain from using safety behaviors

modeling: client learns by observing and imitating

behavior modification

Humanistic-existential model

focuses on the human need to successfully deal with philosophical issues such as self awareness, values, meaning, and choice

Main theme: psychopathology arises from denial of the authentic self due to attempts to please others and to be accepted by others; fundamental anxiety or motivator here is the fear of death or nonbeing. Attempts to achieve immortality through being special (e.g., being loved, accepted, as one with others) lead an individual to stray from true development of the self. Inauthentic modes of being thus lead to pathology, according to this model. Emphasizes phenomenology and free will along with personal responsibility-taking

Humanistic-existential model Pros/Cons

Pros: very respectful of the individual; supportive; warm; genuine.

Cons: similar to psychoanalytic model - many concepts difficult to verify; depends on client self-report.

Humanistic-existential theorists

Carl Rogers (client-centered therapy: unconditional positive regard, reflection)

Fritz Perls (gestalt therapy: empty chair).

Humanistic-existential Treatment

non-directedness

active listening

reflection

empty chair ("role playing")

Key therapist characteristics here include unconditional positive regard, acceptance, genuineness, respect, and empathic understanding. Underlying premise: client is the expert and holds the answers to his or her dilemmas. Therapist's job is to create a safe holding environment so that the client is able to get in touch with true feelings, wants, needs, values, etc., and that these in turn will direct the client in making the "right" life decisions à health and happiness, or self-actualization. Focus is on both the past and present.

Diathesis-stress model

an interactive model that suggests the existence of an inherent physiological predisposition to mental illness(es) that is triggered by environmental stress; the model insists that an individual must have both to lead to the onset of symptoms. Originally created to explain the onset of schizophrenia.

Biopsychosocial model

a hybrid model that recognizes social, cultural, and other influences as factoring into the onset and maintenance of psychiatric symptoms.

Rosenhan Study "On being sane in insane places"

Study in which healthy people were admitted into separate mental hospitals after reporting they heard voices. Once admitted, they acted normally but were still labeled as abnormal due to context of hospital.

Take away-self fulfilling prophecies, stigma of mental illness, diagnostic challenges

self-fulfilling prophecies

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

labeling effect

a tendency to perceive clients in ways that are erroneous owning to the reactive effects of an existing psychiatric label

Pros & cons of diagnosis

Pros: promotes communication and treatment planning; promotes research to improve effectiveness of identification and intervention; provides a means to obtain medical assistance and insurance benefits; may provide information to others which increases understanding and tolerance of temporary changes in work productivity and social behavior.

Cons: mental illness diagnosis may stigmatize or negatively label the individual; promotes prejudice and bias; forced categorization of an individual which negates individual differences and strengths.

Reliability

a measure of the consistency of test or research results

Validity

a measure of the accuracy of a test's or study's results

Standardization

the process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance then serves as a standard or norm against which any individual's score can be measured

What are the 3 types of validity?

Etiological; Concurrent; Predictive

What are the 2 main types of reliability?

Inter-rater and Test-retest

What is the Kappa coefficient and what is it used for?

A Kappa coefficient will be used to verify the presence of the themes that were presented. The Kappa coefficient is a statistical measure of inter-rater reliability or agreement that is used to assess qualitative documents and determine agreement between two raters.

Κ = PR(e),

Methods of assessment

structured and unstructured clinical interviews psychological tests

behavioral observation

biological or neurological assessment neuropsychological assessment

psychophysiological assessment

Psychological tests include:

1) objective personality tests;

2) projective personality tests; and

3) cognitive tests like standardized intelligence or IQ tests

Projective Tests

clients interpret vague stimuli such as inkblots, ambiguous pictures, or follow open ended instructions such as "draw a person"

Eg; Rorschach inkblot test

Clinical Tests

a device for gathering information about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning from which broader information about the person can be inferred

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A pictorial projective test in which respondents are commonly shown 30 black-and-white pictures of individuals in vague situations and are asked to make up a dramatic story about each card.

Personality Inventories

a test designed to measure broad personality characteristics, consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them

E.g; MMPI: 500 self statements to be labeled T or F or cannot say.

Response Inventories

Test designed to measure a person's response in one specific area of functioning, such as affect, social skills, or cognitive processes

Neurological and Neuropsychological Tests

Neurological Tests: used to measure brain structure and activity

Neuropsychological Tests: measure cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances on certain tasks; clinicians interpret abnormal performances as an indicator of underlying brain problems

e.g; EEG, fMRI, MRI, CT Scan, PET Scan, Gestalt test

Psychophysiological tests

a test that measures physical responses (such as heart rate and muscle tension) as possible indicators of psychological problems

E.g; Polygraph lie detector test

5150 Criteria

danger to self

danger to others

grave disability

5150: legally detain and treat someone against their will for psychiatric difficulties for 72 hours

Types of mental health professionals

Psychologists

Psychiatrists

Counselors

Social workers

Couples or Family Therapists

clinical psychologist background

Have earned a doctoral degree in psychology or Doctor of Philosophy (a Ph.D; this represents traditional graduate education in clinical topics and research AND professional skills training in assessment and treatment) from an accredited college or university. Careers range from clinical research scientists to mental health program administrators to forensic evaluators to therapists in a variety of settings.

Counseling psychologists background

Also hold doctoral degrees in psychology (Ph.D. or an Ed.D. or Doctor of Education) and have completed graduate training preparing them for careers as counseling professionals; may work in academic settings or in private practice, college counseling centers, and other mental health facilities.

Psychiatrists background

Have earned a medical degree (M.D.) and completed a residency program in psychiatry. Prescribe medication; typically in charge of hospital psychiatric departments and/or the treatment of hospitalized psychiatric patients or residential treatment cases. Some have also been trained in psychotherapy and may choose to do this in private practice, although medication checks are much more lucrative.

(Clinical) Nurse practitioner

Psychiatric nurses who have completed extensive additional training and education in treating psychiatric patients, typically earning a doctorate degree (NP or CNP or DNP); may also prescribe psychiatric medications. Psychiatric/Clincal Nurse Practitioners may work as hospital administrators or provide direct patient care in a variety of settings.

Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker

Have earned a master's degree in social work (M.S.W.) and use their knowledge of community agencies and organizations to help people with severe mental disorders receive the services they need. Those who specialized in treatment receive training and supervision in conducting therapy and their licensure is "Licensed Clinical Social Worker" (LCSW).

Clinical Counselors/Marriage & Family Therapists

Have typically earned a master's degree by completing a graduate program in a counseling or psychology field. They may be licensed as Licensed Professional Clinical Counselors (LPCC) or as Licensed Marriage & Family Therapists (LMFT). These therapists work in many settings, including public schools, college testing and counseling centers, and hospitals and mental health clinics, as well as in private practice.

Psychiatric Physician's Assistants (PAs)

Typically psychiatric PAs have completed a master's program with a specialization in psychiatry.(Pre-requisites are similar to medical school pre-reqs.) They may work in medical, government, school, or private settings in a variety of roles and prescribe medication/recommend treatment under the supervision and license of a psychiatrist or physician. This is a high demand and fast growing MH profession.