Anat and Phys Ch 5

1. The epidermis consists of mostly of

2. four cell types found in the epidermis

1. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Melanocytes

Keratinocytes

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells: specialized immune cells

Tactile (Merkel) cells: sense touch

1. Hair shaft

2. Epidermis

3. Dermis

4. Papillary layer

5. Reticular layer

6. subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

7. sensory nerve fiber

8. lamellar corpuscle

9. hair follicle receptor

10. dermal papillae

11. sweat pore

12. Eccrine sweat gland

13. Arrector pilli

14. sebaceous (oil) gland

15. hair follicle

16. hair root

17. dermal vascular plexus

18. adipose tissue

1. The epidermis is composed mostly of (blank)

2. four cell types found in the epidermis

1. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

keratinocytes

melanocytes

dendritic (langerhans) cells

tactile (merkel) cells

1. The epidermis is composed of (blank) or (blank) distinct layers (one layer is only found in thick skin)

2. Thin skin is only composed of (blank) layers

3. What are the five layers of skin

1. four, five

2. four

Stratum Corneum

Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin)

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Basale

layer and description

1. Stratum corneum: the most superficial layer containing 20-30 layers of flat, dead cells filled with keratin

2. stratum granulosum: one to five layers of flattened cells. Organelles are deteriorating; cytoplasm is full of lamellar granules (release lipids) and keratohyaline granules

3. stratum spinosum: several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

4. stratum basale: deepest layer, composed of actively mitotic stem cells. Some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers. occasional melanocytes and tactile epithelial cells

Cleavage lines

• represent separations between underlying collagen fiber bundles in the reticular dermis

• circular around the trunk and longitudinally around the limbs

• Surgical incisions made parallel to these lines heal better than made across them

Flexure lines

• form where the dermis is closely attached to the underlying structures

3 pigments contribute to skin color: identify and describe

melanin

• only pigment made in skin

• made by melanocytes

• made from the amino acid tyrosine by tyrosinase

Carotene

• yellow to orange pigment

• most obvious in palms or soles

Hemoglobin

• pinkish hue in fair skin due to lower levels of melanin

1. Excessive (blank) exposure damages skin: elastic fibers (blank), causing skin to become (blank)

2. Alterations in skin color can indicate disease: list four diseases associated with skin color

1. sun, clump, leathery

Jaundice: yellow cast

Pallor: blanching or pale color

Erythema: red color

Cyanosis: blue

(bruises (black or blue marks) are also alterations in skin color)

1. hair consists of (blank) (blank) cells

2. where isnt hair located

3. functions of hair

1. dead keratinized

2. palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia

3. Warns of insects on skin; hair on head guards against physical trauma; protects from heat loss; shields skin from sunlight

1. Follicle wall

2. peripheral connective tissue

3. external root sheath

4. internal root sheath

5. cuticle

6. cortex

7. medulla

1. follicle

2. external root sheath

3. internal rooth sheath

4. cuticle

5. cortex

6. medulla

7. subcutaneous adipose tissue

1. two types of hair

2. follicles cycle between (blank) and (blank) phases

1. Vellus (thin, short hair/peach fuzz) and Terminal (thick, coarse, mature hair)

2. active, regressive

1. alopecia

2. True (frank) baldness

3. male pattern baldness

4. Telogen effluvium

5. other factors leading to hair thinning

1. hair thinning in both sexes after age 40

2. genetically determined and sex-influenced condition

3. caused by follicular response to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

4. abrupt hair thinning due to an abundance of hair follicles entering resting phase at once

5. drugs, low protein diet, hypothyroidism

1. Lunule

2. lateral nail fold

3. nail plate

4. Eponychium (cuticle)

5. proximal nail fold

6. hyponychium

7. nail bed

8. phalanx

nail appearance that can help diagnose some diseases

• yellow tinged nails

• thick yellow nails

• beau’s nails

• koilonchya (spoon nail)

1. sweat glands are also called (blank) glands

2. where are sweat glands located

3. two main types of sweat glands

4. sweat glands contain (blank) cells that do what

1. sudoriferous

2. all skin surfaces except nipples and parts of external genitalia

3. Eccrine (Merocrine) and Apocrine

4. sweat glands contain myoepithelial cells that contract upon nervous system stimulation to force sweat into ducts

1. sebaceous gland

2. sweat pore

3. Eccrine (merocrine) gland

4. duct

5. secretory cells

Apocrine sweat glands

1. confined to (blank) and (blank) areas

2. secrete viscous (blank) or (blank) sweat that contains (blank) substances and (blank)

3. (blank) than eccrine sweat glands with ducts emptying into (blank) follicles

4. begin functioning at (blank)

5. two types of modified apocrine glands

1. axillary, anogenital

2. milky, yellowish, fatty, proteins

3. larger, hair

4. puberty

5. ceruminous glands and mammary glands

function, method of secretion, secretion exit and location of Eccrine Sweat, Apocrine Sweat and sebaceous glands

Eccrine Sweat Glands

• function: temperature control

• method of secretion: merocrine (exocytosis)

• secretion exit: skin surface

• everywhere, especially palms, soles and forehead

Apocrine Sweat Glands

• function: may act as sexual scent glands

• method of secretion: merocrine (exocytosis)

• secretion exit: upper part of hair follicle

• Location: axillary and anogenital regions

Sebaceous (oil) Glands

• function: lubricate skin and hair

• method of secretion: holocrine

• upper part of hair follicle

• location: everywhere except palms and soles

• Acne definition

• whiteheads

• seborrhea

• infectious inflammation of oil glands

• blocked sebaceous glands

• also known as cradle cap, overactive sebaceous glands

1. skin is first and foremost a (blank)

2. main functions of skin (PBC MBE)

barrier

1. protection

2. body temperature regulation

3. cutaneous sensations

4. metabolic function

5. blood reservoir

6. excretion of wastes

1. skin is exposed to (blank), (blank), (blank) and (blank)

2. this constitutes 3 barriers within skin:

1. microorganisms, abrasions, temperature extremes, harmful chemicals

2. chemical barrier, physical barrier, biological barrier

1. what could happen if organic solvents or heavy metals pass the skin and enter the blood

1. multiple organ systems can be devastated which could be lethal: the kidneys could shut down, brain could be damaged, absorption of lead can result in anemia and neurological effects

• insensible perspiration

• sensible perspiration

• what do blood vessels do in response to a cold environment

• under normal resting body temperature, sweat glands produce 500 ml/day of unnoticeable sweat

• body temperature rises and the dilation of dermal vessels can cause sweat gland activity to produce 12 L (3 gallons) of noticeable sweat. this is designed to cool the body

• constrict

1. cutaneous sensory receptors are part of the (blank) system

2. (blank) respond to stimuli outside the body, such as temperature and touch

3. (blank) sense painful stimuli

1. nervous

2. exteroreceptors

3. free nerve endings

1. skin can hold up to (blank) percent of the body’s total blood volume

2. skin vessels can be (blank) to shunt blood to other organs such as exercising a muscle

3. skin can secrete limited amounts of (blank) wastes, such as (blank), (blank) and (blank)

4. sweating can cause (blank) and (blank) loss

1. 5

2. constricted

3. nitrogenous, ammonia, urea, uric acid

4. salt, water

• skin can develop over (blank) conditions and ailments

• True/False: many internal diseases revel themselves on skin

• most common disorders to skin are

• less common disorders but most damaging to skin:

1. 1000

2. true

3. infections

4. skin cancer, burns

1. most skin tumors are (blank) and do not (blank)

2. risk factors that contribute to skin cancer

3. true/false: there are some skin lotions that contain enzymes that can repair DNA

4. 3 major types of cancer

1. benign, metastasize

2. overexposure to UV rays, frequent irritation of skin

3. true

4. melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma

basal cell carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma

melanoma

1. tissue damage can be caused by (blank), (blank), (blank), or certain (blank)

2. damage is caused by the denaturation of (blank), which destroys cells

3. how do we evaluate burns

1. heat, electricity, radiation, chemicals

2. proteins

3. body is broken into 11 sections with each section representing 9% of the body surface (except genitals which represent 1%). this is used to evaluate the volume of fluid loss

1. the skin of the fetus develops by what month

2. after age 30 (blank) (blank) assaults start to show

3. as we get older (blank) replacement slows, making skin become (blank), (blank) and (blank)

4. why do older people have an increased risk of cancer

5. ways to delay aging

1. fourth

2. cumulative, environmental

3. epithelial, thin, dry, itchy

4. decreased numbers of melanocytes and dendritic (Langerhans) cells

5. uv protection, good nutrition, lots of fluids, good hygiene