History- part I and II

Little Ice Age

Global cooling(1300s-1800s) that caused crop failures and famine

Black Death

14th-century plague that killed 30–60% of Europe

Jacquerie

1358 French peasant revolt over war taxes and hardships.

Flagellants

Religious zealots who whipped themselves to end the plague

100 Years' War

A series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between England and France over territorial claims and the French throne

Medici

Wealthy Florentine banking family and major art patrons.

Petrarch

"Father of Humanism" who revived classical Latin studies

Machiavelli

Author of The Prince; advocated realistic political power.

J. Gutenberg

Inventor of the European printing press

Michaelangelo

Renaissance artist who sculpted David and painted Sistine Chapel.

Patronage

Financial support given to artists and scholars

Da Vinci

Ideal "Renaissance Man"; painter, scientist, and engineer

Humanism

Movement focused on human potential and classical Greek/Roman texts

Christian humanism

Northern European movement blending classical ideas with Church reform.

City-state

Independent, self-governing city like Florence or Venice

Indulgences

Certificates sold by the Catholic Church promised to reduce punishment for sins in purgatory

Road to salvation for Protestants

only faith in God, not by buying indulgences.

Diet of Worms

(1521 meeting) Martin Luther’s refusal to withdraw (recant) his writings,spread ideas

Protestant

a Western European Christian who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation

Peace of Augsburg

The 1555 agreement in HRE ,German princes recognize Lutheranism(Catholicism) and put an end to conflicts in Germany

Council of Trent

A Catholic council that addresses problems and spreads Catholicism

Politiques

Leaders who prioritized political unity and stability over religious differences.

Edict of Nantes

granted freedom of religion to Huguenots(French Protestants)

Thirty Years’ War

The last “religious” war fought from 1618 to 1648 in the HRE

Treaty of Westphalia

The 1648 treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and conflicts about religion