Physiology 2 - Text

1 Membrane Transport: 1.1 _______

What is a homogenous mixture of two or more components (e.g. alcohol, sweater, air) called?

Solution

1 Membrane Transport: 1.1 _______

A fluid environment on both sides of the plasma membrane is an example of a?

Solution

1 Membrane Transport: 1.2 _______

What are substances present in the largest amount in a solution called?

Solvent

1 Membrane Transport: 1.2 _______

What is the dissolving medium in a solution called?

Solvent

1 Membrane Transport: 1.2 Solvent

What is the chief solvent?

Water

1 Membrane Transport: 1.3 _______

What are the substances present in smaller amounts in a solution?

Solutes

1 Membrane Transport: 1.3 _______

What are the substances in a solution that are so tiny, they cannot be seen with the naked eye?

Solutes

1 Membrane Transport: 1.4 _______

This fluid is collectively the nucleoplasm and cytosol. What is this fluid?

Intracellular Fluid

1 Membrane Transport: 1.4 _______

This fluid contains small amounts of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and salts, dissolved in water. What is this fluid?

Intracellular Fluid

1 Membrane Transport: 1.5 _______

This fluid is continuously bathes the exterior of our cellsl. What is this fluid?

Interstitial Fluid

1 Membrane Transport: 1.5 _______

This fluid contains thousands of ingredients. What is this fluid?

Interstitial Fluid

1 Membrane Transport: 1.5 Interstitial Fluid

What are the ingredients of the Interstitial Fluid?

Nutrients, Regulatory substances, Salts, and Waste products

1 Membrane Transport: 1.5 Interstitial Fluid

What Nutrients are found in the Interstitial Fluid?

Amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and vitamins

1 Membrane Transport: 1.5 Interstitial Fluid

What Regulatory Substances are found in the Interstitial Fluid?

Hormones and Neurotransmitters

1 Membrane Transport: 1.6 _______

What membrane consists of cell coverings that keep the interstitial fluid and intercellular fluid away from each other?

Plasma Membrane

1 Membrane Transport: 1.6 Plasma Membrane

What are the two key qualities of the Plasma Membrane?

Semi-permeable and Selective

1 Membrane Transport: 1.6 Plasma Membrane

What key quality of the Plasma Membrane refers to how it only allows certain materials to freely cross in it?

Semi-permeable

1 Membrane Transport: 1.6 Plasma Membrane

What key quality of the Plasma Membrane is refers to how it typically blocks large and charged substances?

Semi-permeable

1 Membrane Transport: 1.6 Plasma Membrane

What key quality of the Plasma Membrane is refers to how the membrane proteins in it may regulate the passage of material that cannot freely cross?

Selective

1 Membrane Transport: 1.6 Plasma Membrane

The Plasma Membrane of living things are _________, which means that some molecules can freely go through the membrane and some might need “doors” in the form of protein channels to get in the cell.

Semi-permeable

2 ________

What processes refers to the movement of material along a concentration gradient (high concentration < low concentration)?

Passive Processes

2 ________

What processes refers to how substances are transported across the membrane without energy input from the cell.?

Passive Processes

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 _______

What is the process by which molecules (and ions) move away from areas where they are more concentrated (more numerous) to areas where they are less concentrated (with fewer of them).

Diffusion

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 _______

What is the process by which molecules move from high to low concentrations?

Diffusion

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 Diffusion

As the particles move farther apart in the process of diffusion, they become more evenly distributed or _______.

more diffuse

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 Diffusion

Diffusion occurs because molecules are (A) (due to possessing kinetic energy or energy of motion); thus, they (B) and (C) with each collision.

a) in constant motion
b) collide
c) change direction

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 Diffusion

What refers to the difference in concentration of particles from high to low?

Concentration Gradient

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 Diffusion

The (A) the difference in concentration between the two areas, the (B) the diffusion occurs.

a) greater
b) faster

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 Diffusion

Speed of diffusion is affected by?

The molecules’ size (the smaller, the faster) and temperature (the warmer, the faster)

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 Diffusion

With time, the concentration of a given substance becomes _______.

uniform throughout the solution

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 Diffusion

In diffusion, random movements continue, but there is no further net movement. What is this phenomenon called?

Diffusional Equilibrium

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 Diffusion

Molecules will diffuse through the plasma membrane if:

Molecules are ________ to pass through the membrane pores

small enough

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 Diffusion

Molecules will diffuse through the plasma membrane if:

Molecules are ________

lipid-soluble

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 Diffusion

Molecules will diffuse through the plasma membrane if:

Molecules are assisted by a _______

membrane carrier

2 Passive Processes: 2.1 Diffusion

What are membrane pores?

Channels formed by membrane proteins

2 Passive Processes: 2.2 Three Main Types of Passive Transport

What are the 3 main types of Passive Transport?

Simple diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion

2 Passive Processes: 2.2 Three Main Types of Passive Transport

2.2.1 _______

What type of Passive Transport is the unassisted diffusion of solutes through the plasma membrane from an area of higher concentration to a lower one?

Simple Diffusion

2 Passive Processes: 2.2 Three Main Types of Passive Transport

2.2.1 Simple Diffusion

Solutes transported through Simple Diffusion are either (A)________ or able to pass through the (B)_______.

A) lipid-soluble B) membrane pores

2 Passive Processes: 2.2 Three Main Types of Passive Transport

2.2.1 Simple Diffusion

Give me 4 examples of lipid-soluble molecules. (fats, fat-soluble vitamins, oxygen, carbon dioxide) or able to pass through the (B)_______ (ions such as chloride ions).

Fats, fat-soluble vitamins, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

2 Passive Processes: 2.2 Three Main Types of Passive Transport

2.2.1 Simple Diffusion

Give me 1 example of a solute that can pass through the membrane pores of human cells.

Ions such as chloride ions

2 Passive Processes: 2.2 Three Main Types of Passive Transport

2.2.2 _______

What type of Passive Transport is the movement of water molecules (dependent on solute concentrations) from area of lower to higher concentration of solute?

Osmosis

2 Passive Processes: 2.2 Three Main Types of Passive Transport

2.2.2 Osmosis

Water is highly polar, it is repelled by the (non-polar) lipid core of the plasma membrane, but it can and does pass easily through special pores called _______ (water pores) created by the proteins in the membrane.

Aquaporins

2 Passive Processes: 2.2 Three Main Types of Passive Transport

2.2.3 _______

What type of Passive Transport is the movement of large or charged molecules via membrane proteins (e.g. ions, sucrose, etc.)?

Facilitated Diffusion

2 Passive Processes: 2.2 Three Main Types of Passive Transport

2.2.3 Facilitated Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion follows the laws of diffusion— substances move down their concentration gradient— the difference is that, facilitated diffusion uses ________ or ________ as a carrier/transport vehicle.

Protein membranes or Protein molecules

2 Passive Processes: 2.3 ________

What is the process by which water solutes are forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) by fluid, or hydrostatic, pressure?

Filtration

2 Passive Processes: 2.3 Filtration

What pressure is usually exerted by the blood?

Hydrostatic Pressure

2 Passive Processes: 2.3 Filtration

What pressure pushes solute-containing fluid (filtrate) from the higher-pressure area to the lower-pressure area.?

Pressure Gradient

2 Passive Processes: 2.3 Filtration

Filtration in necessary for the _______ to do their job.

Kidneys

2 Passive Processes: 2.3 Filtration

In the kidneys, water solutes filter out of the capillaries into the kidney tubules because the blood pressure in the capillaries is _______ than the fluid pressure in the tubules.

greater

3 ________

What process is the movement of materials against or “uphill” a concentration gradient (low concentration < high concentration)?

Active Processes

3 Active Processes

Since materials are moving against the gradient in active processes, it requires the expenditure of energy—_______ or ________.

ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate

3 Active Processes

What are the two important means of active membrane transport?

Active and Vesicular Transport

3 Active Processes: 3.1 ________

What important mean of active membrane transport is also known as solute pumping?

Active Transport

3 Active Processes: 3.1 ________

What important mean of active membrane transport is similar to facilitated diffusion where they both require protein carriers to transport substances across the membrane?

Active Transport

3 Active Processes: 3.1 Active Transport

Amino acids, some sugars, and most ions are transported by _______.

Solute pumps

3 Active Processes: 3.1 Active Transport

What type of transport moves molecules from high to low concentration and uses kinetic energy?

Facilitated Diffusion

3 Active Processes: 3.1 Active Transport

What type of transport moves molecules from low to high concentration and uses ATP to energize the protein carriers called solute pumps?

Active Transport

3 Active Processes: 3.1 Active Transport

3.1.1 Sodium-Potassium (Na+-K+)

The _______ is also known as the “Normal transmission of nerve impulses.”

Sodium-Potassium Pump

3 Active Processes: 3.1 Active Transport

3.1.1 Sodium-Potassium (Na+-K+)

The Sodium-Potassium pump alternately carries (A)_______ direct out of and (B)________ into the cell.

A) sodium ions (Na+) B) potassium ions (K+)

3 Active Processes: 3.1 Active Transport

3.1.1 Sodium-Potassium (Na+-K+)

The Sodium-Potassium pump ensures that there is more A)_______ on the outside and more B)_______ on the inside?

A) sodium B) potassium

3 Active Processes: 3.1 Active Transport

3.1.1 Sodium-Potassium (Na+-K+)

In the Sodium-Potassium pumps, A)_______ is pumped out every time B)_______ is pumped in.

A) 3 Na+ B) 2 K+

3 Active Processes: 3.1 Active Transport

3.1.1 Sodium-Potassium (Na+-K+)

The Na+-K+ pump is able to continue pumping more Na+ out than K+ being pumped in even if it is against the gradient because there are already a lot of sodium on the A)_____ than the _____, and a lot of potassium on the B)_____ than the _____)

A) outside than the inside B) inside than the outside

3 Active Processes: 3.1 Active Transport

3.1.1 Sodium-Potassium (Na+-K+)

The Na+-K+ pump is able to continue pumping more Na+ out than K+ being pumped in even if it is against the gradient because it is an A)________ which uses B)___ to pump ions against the gradient

A) Active Transporter B) ATP

3 Active Processes: 3.2 ________

What important mean of active membrane transport gets help from ATP to fuse or separate membrane vesicles and the cell membrane, moves substances into or out of cells?

Vesicular Transport

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

Vesicular Transport transports “In bulk” _______ crossing the plasma membrane.

Indirectly

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

What are the 2 types of Vesicular Transport?

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.1 _______

What type of Vesicular Transport transports molecules “Outside of the cell”?

Exocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.1 _______

What type of Vesicular Transport is the outward transport of large particles via a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane?

Exocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.1 Exocytosis

The product to be released during Exocytosis is first “packaged” (by Golgi apparatus) into a small membranous sac called a ________?

Vesicle

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.1 Exocytosis

Nerve cells use exocytosis to release _______ that signal other nerve cells, muscle cells or glands.

neurotransmitter chemicals

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 _______

What type of Vesicular Transport transports molecules “Into the cell”?

Endocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 _______

What type of Vesicular Transport moves particles, such as large molecules, parts of cells and even whole cells into a cell?

Endocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

Endocytosis happens in 3 ways. What are these 3 ways?

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

What way of Endocytosis is known as “Cell-eating”?

Phagocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

What way of Endocytosis is the movement of solid particles into a cell through the formation of membrane vesicles?

Phagocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

What way of Endocytosis is known as “Cell-drinking”?

Pinocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

What way of Endocytosis is the movement of fluid droplets into a cell through the formation of a membrane vesicle?

Pinocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

What way of Endocytosis is where the cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid?

Pinocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

Unlike phagocytosis, pinocytosis is a _______ of most cells.

routine activity

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

What way of Endocytosis is important in absorption (e.g. cells forming the lining of the small intestines)?

Pinocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

What way of Endocytosis is the main cellular mechanism for taking up specific target molecules?

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

What proteins on plasma membrane bind only with certain substances?

Receptor proteins

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

What are the only substances that Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis take up?

Enzymes, Some hormones, Cholesterol, and Iron

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

What way of Endocytosis is where flu viruses may also use this route to enter and attack our cells.

Receptor-Mediated Cytosis

3 Active Processes: 3.2 Vesicular Transport

3.2.2 Endocytosis

What way of Endocytosis is where flu viruses may also use this route to enter and attack our cells.

Receptor-Mediated Cytosis

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing):

What is a general (nonspecific) body response that attempts to prevent further injury.

Inflammation

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing):

What is an extremely specific and mounts of vigorous attack against recognized invaders including bacteria, viruses and toxins?

Immune Response

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing):

What symptom of inflammation is caused by vasodilation or more blood in the area?

Redness

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing):

What symptom of inflammation is caused by a large amount of blood accumulating in area as a byproduct of increased metabolic activity in tissue

Heat

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing):

What symptom of inflammation is caused by increased permeability of blood vessels, fluids go into tissue spaces (edema)

Swelling

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing):

What symptom of inflammation is caused by injury to neurons and increased pressure due to edema?

Pain

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing): 4.1 Tissue Repair Occurs in Two Major Ways

What are the two major ways of Tissue Repair?

Regeneration and Fibrosis

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing): 4.1 Tissue Repair Occurs in Two Major Ways

4.1.1 _______

What major way of Tissue Repair is the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells?

Regeneration

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing): 4.1 Tissue Repair Occurs in Two Major Ways

4.1.2 _______

What major way of Tissue Repair is the repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scarring)?

Fibrosis

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing): 4.1 Tissue Repair Occurs in Two Major Ways

4.1.2 Fibrosis

Fibrosis occurs depending on?

The type of tissue damaged and the severity of the injury.

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing): 4.2 Events During Tissue Injury

4.2.1. Inflammation Sets the Stage

Injured tissue cells and others release inflammatory chemicals that make the capillaries very _______.

Permeable

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing): 4.2 Events During Tissue Injury

4.2.1. Inflammation Sets the Stage

Fluids rich in _______ are allowed to seep into the injured area.

Clotting proteins

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing): 4.2 Events During Tissue Injury

4.2.1. Inflammation Sets the Stage

Leaked clotting proteins construct a clot, which?

Stops loss of blood; holds the edges of the wound together; and walls off the injured area, preventing bacteria from spreading to the surrounding tissues.

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing): 4.2 Events During Tissue Injury

4.2.1. Inflammation Sets the Stage

If clot is exposed to air, it quickly dries and hardens, forming a _______.

Scab

4 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing): 4.2 Events During Tissue Injury

4.2.1. Inflammation Sets the Stage

In deep tissue injuries, swelling occurs in the areolar tissue in the area. What is this swelling called?

Edema