WH Unit 2 Test

How did Neo-Confucianism view women in Song China?

It enforced strict social order, requiring women to obey their fathers, husbands, and sons

What did foot binding symbolize in Song China?

A status symbol of female submissiveness, beauty, and upper-class wealth

What medical roles did women hold in Dar al-Islam?

They actively practiced as trained physicians, nurses, midwives, and health inspectors

Why is Indian Ocean Trade important?

It was faster, safer, and cheaper than land trade, allowing merchants to ship heavy everyday bulk goods (like food and lumber) along with high-value luxury items

Why do we talk about them?

They show how sailors used new technologies to master predictable seasonal monsoon winds to navigate the ocean

Where did it happen?

Across the Indian Ocean, connecting East Africa, Arabia, India, Southeast Asia, and China

Who was involved?

• Indian Kingdoms: The Muslim-led Delhi Sultanate (North India) and the Hindu Vijayanagar Empire (South India)

• Traders: Merchants from Arabia, Persia, India, China, and the Swahili coast

What changed because of them?

• Sailing Inventions: Widespread use of triangular lateen sails (to sail into wind), astrolabes (calculating latitude), magnetic compasses, and large junk and dhow ships.

• Religious Blending (Syncretism): Spread of Sufism (mystical Islam) and the Bhakti Movement (Hinduism that rejected the caste system).

Why is Trans-Saharan Trade important?

It connected West Africa to North Africa and the Mediterranean, moving valuable trade goods like gold and salt across the desert

Why do we talk about them?

It shows how travel innovations allowed merchants to cross harsh deserts, spreading Islam and making West African empires extremely wealthy

Where did it happen?

Across the Sahara Desert in Africa, connecting West African kingdoms with North Africa

Who was involved?

• Mansa Musa: Super wealthy king of Mali who made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca, showing off his empire's gold wealth

• West African Empires: Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and the Hausa city-states

• Traders & Caravans: Merchants traveling together across the desert in long camel caravans

What changed because of them?

• Desert Travel Tech: Heavy reliance on Arabian camels (which can walk 10 days without water) and camel saddles

• Spread of Religion: Islam spread rapidly throughout West Africa

• Massive Wealth: West African rulers grew rich by trading gold for Saharan salt, horses, and goods

Why are the Crusades important?

They were religious wars called by the Pope to take the Holy Land from Muslims, which also connected Western Europe to advanced Middle Eastern technologies

Why do we talk about them?

They show how the Pope held immense power in Western Europe and how military conflicts led to cultural and technological exchange

Where did they happen?

European armies traveled from Western Europe to the Middle East (the Holy Land)

Who was involved?

• Pope Urban II: Called for the First Crusade and promised that anyone who died on the crusade would go directly to heaven

• Christian Crusaders: European knights and soldiers who fought to capture the Holy Land

• Muslim Empires: Defended their territories in the Middle East

What changed because of them?

• Technology Exchange: Crusaders brought Middle Eastern innovations back to Europe, including vertical windmills and improved water wheels

• Religious Tensions: Deepened long-term religious conflict between Christian Europe and Dar al-Islam

What was The Great Schism?

The Great Schism was the event that split mostly Christian Europe into two distinct parts and branches: Roman Catholicism in the West and Eastern Orthodoxy in the East

What was the main difference between the two sides?

Western Catholicism was led by the Pope under a feudal system, while Eastern Orthodoxy was tied to the political power of the Byzantine Empire

What was feudalism?

A political system where land was the only measure of wealth, and kings gave land to lords for loyalty

Who were serfs?

Peasants bound to the land who were controlled by whoever owned the territory

What are monsoon winds?

Predictable seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean that sailors used to time and speed up their voyages

What key tools made ocean trade easier?

• Lateen Sail: Triangular sails that allowed ships to sail directly into the wind.

• Compass & Astrolabe: Navigational tools used to find direction and calculate latitude

• Junks & Dhows: Advanced ships built to carry heavy cargo across long ocean distances

What are the 5 pillars of Islam?

-faith

-prayer (5 times a day)

-charity

-fasting

-pilgrimage (going to Mecca at least once in your lifetime)

Sunni Muslims?

Believed the leader should be elected based on capability, arguing Muhammad left no rightful heir

Shia (Shi'ite) Muslims?

Believed all leaders (Caliphs) must be direct descendants of Muhammad ("Party of Ali")

Where was Western Christendom?

Western Europe

What was the main religion?

Christianity

What was the main idea of Western Christendom?

The Catholic Church has a lot of power and influenced people’s daily lives

Where were the Aztecs?

Central Mexico

What was the government like?

Powerful empire that controlled other groups.

What was the main idea?

They used a tribute system, meaning conquered people had to give them goods

What are the Aztecs known for?

Human sacrifices, farming, and their capital city Tenochtitlan

Where were the Incas located?

The Andes Mountains in South America

What was the main idea of the Incas?

They built roads, used terraces for farming and created impressive stone buildings

What are they known for?

Recordkeeping with knotted strings called quipu

Where is Mali located in?

West Africa

Which leader was involved with Mali?

Mansa Musa, one of the richest people in history

What was the main idea?

Mali became wealthy through Trans-Saharan Trade (GOLD)

Where is Swahili located in?

East coast of Africa

What was the main idea?

City states grew wealthy by trading across the Indian Ocean

What was their religion?

Islam, spread through trade

Where is Great Zimbabwe located?

Southern Africa

What was the main idea?

A powerful trading center and huge stone buildings built with mortar, they also benefited from trade involving gold and the Indian Ocean

Where were the Mongols located in?

Originally from Central Asia

Who was the famous leader?

Genghis Khan

What was the main idea?

The Mongols created the largest land empire in history and they had skilled horseback warriors

Where was the Song Dynasty located in?

China

Inventions?

Gunpowder weapons, the magnetic compass, and advancements in printing

What was the main idea?

Foot binding became very common and China experienced major economic, technological, and cultural growth. They used Civil Service Exams to choose job positions

Where was Dar-al-Islam located in?

Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia

Religion?

Islam

What was Dar-al-Islam known for?

Trades and advances in science, math, and medicine