Lifespan test 2

need to add weeks 9 & 10

Physical growth changes aged 6-12

trunk broadens & flattens

legs & arms grow

permanent teeth means changes in facial structure, face elongates

muscle growth accelerates boys>girls

skeleton continues to ossify. grows faster than muscles and soft tissue

Specialised movement phase: stability

balance beam routine, defending goal in soccer/AFL

Specialised movement phase: locomotion

100m sprint or hurdles

walking on crowded street

Specialised movement phase: manipulation

kicking/shooting a goal

striking a pitched ball

proficiency barrier: transitional stage

Initial refinement and combination of FMS skills:

• high interest

• limited ability

• focus from process to product

• ‘start to get the idea’

proficiency barrier: application stage

Attempting to refine and apply more specialised skills:

• emphasis on technique, form, and precision

• proficiency and good performance standards become key

• more complex skills attempted with strategies

• considerable practice period required

proficiency barrier: lifelong learning

Self selection of limited types of physical activity:

• choice of activity depends on:

  • interests

  • motivation

  • ability

  • peer groups

• leads to regular participation in physical activity across life time

Fine tuning stage

Considerations for fundamental movement skills

facilities

equipment

time

school PE programs

spontaneous play

organised junior and youth sport programs

Rule defined play

games with rules require a highly socialised child

begin during preschool: more defined in middle childhood

Children cannot change rooms

Actions need to stay in within context of rules

Play 6-10 yrs

Movement calibration and flow

socio-emotional play (teams, win-lose, turns, sharing)

Concrete operational stage

Age 7-11 yrs

• Operations are mental representations of actions that obey logical rules

• Child reasons logically about concrete events and can classify objects in their world into various sets

• Use rules (operations) to solve more complex problems. but can only apply logic to physical objects (concrete operational). cannot understand abstract concepts.

Operations achieved…

Decenter: able to focus on more than one aspect of a task at once (short-term memory & attention)

Conservation: understand and able to explain why objects remain the same (when physical characteristics change)

Reversibility: work through a stage of a task mentally and then reverse (more complex problem solving)

Hierarchical sequencing: classify similar objects together (trading cards good/bad)

Seriation: putting things in order based on magnitude/quantity (counting)

Spatial Reasoning: understand and draw conclusions from environment about locations and distance (able to give directions)

Behavioural expectations 6-12yrs

Ability to control behaviour is influenced by physical, sensory, cognitive development. environment eg social & cultural values, adult or peer expectation

compliance and cooperation are learnt skills

Behavioural changes 6-12yrs

Attention: More controlled, adaptable, planning

Memory strategies: rehearsal, organisation, elaboration. Use organisation and elaboration together to make meaningful chunks of info.

Metacognition: ability to play with thoughts, love making up jokes

Visual development age 6-12yrs

Depth perception:

• ability to judge distance of object from the self

• Rapid improvement 7-11 yrs.

• Mature by 12yrs

Figure/ground perception:

• ability to distinguish an object from its surrounding background

• Rapid: 8yrs

• Starts to mature by 12 yrs

Language development 6-12yrs

Vocab: learn 5000 words a year (increase reading)

Syntax: acceptable word order

Semantics: meaning of words (children do not understand much of what they see, hear, or read)

Pragmatics: use of language in social contexts

Erikson’s psycho-social stage: 6yrs old to puberty

Industry to inferiority

Favourable: Ability to learn how things work, to understand, and organise. If children encouraged and reinforced to initiate and develop a sense of industry (competence)

Unfavourable: a sense of inferiority at understanding and organising (if children not encouraged/restricted, doubt own ability, feel inferior)

Influence on industry/inferiority stage

Class teachers play increasingly important role (pos/neg)

Peer group: emphasis on acceptance and approval

Behaviours evident age 6-12

Learns about consequences of actions

Begins to negotiate

Makes requests

Attention is now two-channelled.

Extracurricular activities age 6-12

Increasing range: mirrored by changing interests and increased sense of competence in self

• volunterring

• outdoor pursuits

• extracurricular structured activities

Extracurricular benefits/negatives age 6-12

• Higher occupational status/achievement

• greater resilience

• Improved cognitive and emotional development

• Better study habits, grades, and educational aspirations

• Improved social relationships and status

cons:

• burnout

• potential for exploitation

• stress

• busy

• lack of free play opportunities

Pubescence

Onset of puberty marked by hormonal changes in rate of androgen production (testosterone and oestrogen)

Two main physical changes for adolescents

Adolescent growth spurt

Sexual maturation

Adolescent growth spurt

Rapid height and weight changes

Cardiopulmonary growth.

Cephalocaudal trend reverses during adolescence

• feet, hands and legs grow fastest and first

• Trunk second

• Males = shoulders broaden in relation to hips

• Females: hips broaden relative to shoulders and waist

lanky/awkward

Adolescent growth spurt: body fat

Decreases in males (muscular gain significantly larger)

Increases in females (fat deposits greater than males-pregnancy)

Adolescent growth spurt: cardiopulmonary growth

• heart increases in size by 50%

• Weight of heart doubles

• resting heart rate decreases

• Lungs increase in size and capacity: lower respiration rate

Sexual characteristics

Primary: related to reproductive organs

Secondary: more visble on body

• breast development

• underarm/pubic hair

Sexual maturation

menarche: first period around 10.5-15.5 yrs old

Spermarche: first ejaculation around 12-16

Onset genetically determined: but ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic influences

• earlier puberty = likely higher BF in adulthood

• may be delayed or precocious

Motor changes: gender differences adolescents

Males advantaged: strength, power, endurance

• increased muscle mass, oxygen capacity, decreased fat mass, longer arms, wider shoulders, longer legs, narrower hips

Females advantaged: balance, flexibility

• lower centre of gravity

Physical prefrontal cortex development: adolescents

Prefrontal cortex: last area of brain to mature

• executive functions (decisions)

• decrease in grey matter due to synaptic pruning, increase in white matter due to myelination

• Gradual gains in cognitive skills

• Self-regulation: not yet developed

Basal ganglia development: adolescents

Control and regulation of actions

• increases in volume. rapid firing of synapses

Risk-taking brain in adolescents

Amygdala and hippocampus increase in volume (memory & emotion)

Prefrontal cortex relatively slower to develop

Lag between development: possible reasons for increase in risk-taking

Heightened emotional and reward seeking

Neurons more responsive to excitatory neurotransmitters

Piaget stage: adolescents

Formal operational: developing capacity for abstract, systemic, and scientific thinking

thinking beyond facts & don’t need concrete real-life items to base thoughts on

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Effects of formal operational stage

self-conciousness and self-focusing

Imaginary audience: belief they are focus of everyone’s attention and concern

Personal fable: certain that others are observing and thinking of them

Idealism & criticism: often imagining alternative family, religious, political, and moral systems and want to explore them

Not everyone will develop full formal operational thought in all areas of cognition (social, emotional, logical)

Decision making: adolescence

Poor impluse control (development of amygdala, hippocampus, frontal lobe)

Best decisions occur when calm but emotionaly aroused to explore options

Emotions may overwhelm decision making

Executive function, attention, learning, & memory are still developing

Erikson’s psycho-social stages: adolescence

Identity vs confusion (role confusion)

favourable outcome: seeing oneself as a unique and integrated person

unfavourable: confusion over who and what one really is

4 phases of identity development

Identity achievement: committed to goals, values, clearly formulated self-chosen path

Identity moratorium: not yet definite. still gathering info and making decisions

Identity foreclosure: committed to goals and values without exploring alternatives: guided by authority figures

Identity diffusion: lack clear direction. when asked - unsure of any specific goals or values & not pursuing them. possibly overwhelmed or threatened

Peer pressure: adolescence

Parental influence decreases

Peer relationships influence increases

Cliques and crowds become key associations: can help to express or suppress identity socially acceptable behaviours

Peer pressure dangers

• Risk taking behavious

• poor personal health

• obesity

• eating disorders

• STI’s

• Substance abuse

• Social media