Lab test

ocular lens

lens located inside eyepiece used to magnify specimen

objective lens

series of lens used to magnify specimen

course focus knob

roughly focuses specimen by changing distance between objective lens and specimen

stage

flat surface that supports slide or specimen over light hole

main switch

controls power for microscope

t switch

turns light above a specimen on off

i switch

turns light below a specimen on off

mech stage (compound)

flat surface that supports slide or specimen over light hole from below that allows for movement of slide aswell

mech stage knob (compound)

moves slide around stage surface

fine focus knob (compound)

sharply focuses specimen changing distance between obj lens and specimen closely

condenser (compound)

contains 2 lenses that focus light onto specimen

iris diaphragm (compound)

regulates amount of light passing through lens in condenser

condenser adjusment knob (compound)

moves condenser up and down

lamp switch (compound)

turns light on and off

lamp intensity dial (compound)

adjusts brightness on or off

cell membrane

A phospholipid bilayer that controls what enters and leaves the cell and maintains communication with outside enviroment

nucleus

Houses DNA and controls cell activities, including protein synthesis and cell division.

Nuclear Membrane

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus, with pores that control molecule movement in and out.

nucleolus

Produces rRNA and assembles ribosome subunits inside the nucleus.

mitochondria

Produce ATP through cellular respiration and contain a double membrane structure with their own DNA.

Rough ER

Folded membranes with ribosomes that make and modify proteins for secretion or membranes.

Smooth ER

Makes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies drugs and poisons.

ribosomes

RNA-protein structures that translate mRNA to build proteins.

golgi apparatus

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport.

Lysosomes

Vesicles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste, invaders, and worn-out organelles for recycling.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer that supports and protects the cell and prevents it from bursting.

Central Vacuole

Stores water, nutrients, and waste while maintaining plant cell rigidity through turgor pressure.

depth of field

vertical distance that remains in focus at each magnification

resolution

minimum distance that two points can be seperated and be distinguished as seperate

contrast

ability to discern detail

hypothesis

testable reason for observed phenomenon

degree of freedom

number of enviromental conditions given to study subjects minus one

p value

probability that observed results are due to random flucuations

basic

ph greater than 7

acidic

ph less than 7

buffer

maintain ph of a solution by minimizing change in concentration of h

diffusion

passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Osmotic Pressure

minimum pressure required to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane via osmosis that is determined by the concentration of solutes

hypertonic solution

higher concentration of solutes outside of cell compared to the inside of a cell

Isotonic Solution

equal concentration of solutes otuside of the cell compared to the inside of the cell

Hypotonic Solution

lower concentration of solutes outside of cell compared to inside of cell

Plasmolysis

process that occurs in plant cells when they lose water after being exposed to a hypertonic solution