practical 3

A(n) ___________ is required for skeletal muscle contraction.

action potential that triggers the release of calcium.

Point where an action potential could begin if suitable depolarization takes place.

resting state

Increase in membrane potential

depolarization

Reaching threshold leads to a rapid depolarization

action potential

Decrease in membrane potential.

repolarization

Point where an action potential cannot occur.

refractory period

Tech-neck is a condition that puts strain on the musculoskeletal system. The picture on the far right (60 lbs pressure) indicates the ____ muscles are stretched and when they begin a contraction the tension will be ______ optimal.

levator scapulae, less than

The length-tension model states that one predictor of muscle contraction force is the _____ at the start of the contraction.

amount of overlap between myosin and actin

temporalis is innervated by

trigeminal nerve V

masseter is innervated by

trigeminal nerve V

platysma is innervated by

the facial nerve VII

trapezius is innervated by

accessory nerve XI

diaphragm is innervated by

the phrenic nerve C3-C5

serratus anterior is innervated by

plexus?

the long thoracic nerve C5-C7

brachial

infraspinatus is innervated by

plexus?

the suprascapular nerve C5-C6

brachial

supraspinatus is innervated by

plexus?

the suprascapular nerve C5-C6

brachial

latissimus dorsi is innervated by

plexus?

nerve from brachial plexus

brachial

deltoid is innervated by

plexus?

axillary nerve

brachial

biceps brachii is innervated by

plexus?

musculocutaneous nerve

brachial

triceps brachii is innervated by

radial nerve

forearm flexors is innervated by

plexus?

median nerve

brachial

used in emg experiment

hand and finger flexors is innervated by

plexus?

ulnar nerve
brachial

forearm extensors is innervated by

plexus?

radial nerve

brachial

vastus lateralis is innervated by

plexus?

femoral nerve
lumbar

adductors of thigh is innervated by

plexus?

obturator nerve

lumbar

biceps femoris is innervated by

plexus?

sciatic nerve

sacral

gastrocnemius is innervated by

plexus?

tibial nerve

sacral

tibialis anterior is innervated by

plexus?

fibular nerve

sacral

pelvic floor muscles is innervated by

plexus?

pudendal nerve
sacral

The electrodes measure the ____ and the system does math to turn it into a graph with positive and negative values that we can interpret.

difference in charge

True or False. The grip dynamometer allows the BIOPAC system to record the force outputs

false. The grip dynamometer is not connected to the machine - you have to manually record the force targets.

Tool finding the difference between the lowest Y axis value and the highest Y value within an area of highlighted data.

P-P measurement

Tool taking an average of all the ____ axis values within a highlighted area of data.

Y

mean

Tool finding the difference between the last Y axis value and the first Y axis value for an area of highlighted data

Delta measurement

Tool finding the difference between the last time value (X axis) and the first time value for some area of highlighted data.

delta t measurement

What is the proper BIOPAC tool for reporting the level of electrical activity on the RAW EMG channel, where data spans a range above and below zero?

peak to peak

What is the proper BIOPAC tool for reporting the level of electrical activity on the Integrated EMG channel, where y axis values are always positive?

mean

overly contracted

optimum resting length

overly stretched

Which of the following is a difference between the nervous and endocrine system?

Nervous system is typically faster in producing responses than the endocrine system.

Which of the following is NOT a function of neuroglia?

1. Option A

   Action potential transmission

2. Option B

   Immune function

3. Option C

   Support neurons

4. Option D

   Production of CSF

A: Action potential transmission, as this is primarily the role of neurons.

a = dendrite

b = soma

c = axon hillock

d = axon

e = axon terminal

f = myelin sheath

Neurotransmitters would be released from which region?

axon terminal

Generation of action potentials occurs first at which label?

axon hillock

Unmyelinated neurons have that signals travel:

Slower than myelinated neurons

unipolar vs bipolar vs multipolar

Unipolar neurons have one process, bipolar neurons have two, and multipolar neurons have multiple processes.

Which of the following is true about the organization of grey and white matter in the spinal cord?

Grey matter is surrounded by white matter

Which of the following is true about the organization of grey and white matter in the brain?

White matter is surrounded by grey matter

a = subarachnoid space

b = epidural space

c = pia mater

d = arachnoid mater

e = dura mater

The subarachnoid space is filled with

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

where is spinal tap done

between L4 and L5 to avoid damage to the spinal cord

a = cervical enlargement

b = lumbar enlargement

c = conus medullaris

d = cauda equina

number of nerves for

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral

8

12

5

5

cross section of spinal cord :

Label A is:

Gray matter

Label B is:

Posterior medial sulcus

Label C is:

White matter

Label D is:

Dorsal (posterior) root

Label E is:

Dorsal (posterior) root ganglion

Label F is:

Spinal nerve

Label G is:

Anterior (ventral) root

Label H is:

Central canal

Label I is:

Anterior median fissure

Which spinal nerve ramus has branches that serve the deep muscles and skin of the back?

Posterior (dorsal) rami

Which of the following has branches that belong to the sympathetic nervous system?

1. Option A

   Posterior (dorsal) rami

2. Option B

   Rami communicantes

3. Option C

   Anterior (ventral) rami

Option B

Which of the following forms plexuses to supply nerves serving the limbs?

1. Option A

   Posterior (dorsal) rami

2. Option B

   Rami communicantes

3. Option C

   Anterior (ventral) rami

Anterior (ventral) rami

Flexion of knee when quadriceps tendon is stretched is what nerve reflex

somatic spinal nerve reflex

Blinking when something touches the cornea is what reflex

somatic cranial nerve reflex

Salivation in response to acidic substance on the tongue is what reflex

autonomic cranial nerve reflex

Flexing of the elbow when touching a hot pan

somatic spinal nerve reflex

a - frontal lobe

b - lateral sulcus

c - temporal lobe

d - central sulcus

e - parietal lobe

f - occipital lobe

g - cerebellum

h - medulla oblongata

frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobe are all part of the

cerebrum

“Valleys” on the brain are ______, and “mountains” on the brain are ______.

sulci, gyri

A - Corpus callosum

B - Fornix

C - Hypothalamus

D - Pituitary gland

E - Mammillary body

F - pons

G - cerebral aqueduct

H - Thalamus

I - Massa intermedia

J - Pineal body

K - Superior Colliculus

L - inferior colliculus

M - Corpora quadrigemina

N - arbor vitae

O - 4th ventricle

a = lateral ventricle

b = cerebral aqueduct

c = 4th ventricle

d = 3rd ventricle

CSF flows from

Lateral ventricle, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle

a = olfactory bulb

b = oculomotor nerve

c = abducens nerve

d = olfactory tract

e = optic nerve

f = optic chiasma

g = optic tract

h = trigeminal nerve

i = vagus nerve

Which receptor is responsible for detecting changes in temperature?

thermoreceptors

Which receptor is responsible for detecting the position and movement of the body?

proprioceptors

Which receptor is responsible for detecting touch, pressure, and vibration?

tactile receptor

Which receptor is responsible for detecting pain or harmful stimuli?

nociceptor

a = free nerve endings

b = merkel discs

c = hair root plexus

d = meissner corpuscle

e = pacinian corpuscle

f = ruffini corpuscle

a = cornea

b = aqueous humor

c = ciliary muscle

d = choroid

e = sclera

f = retina

g = lens

h = vitreous humor

i = optic disc

j = optic nerve

What is the reason for the blind spot?

it is created by the optic nerve/optic disc because there are no photoreceptors in that part of the retina.

a = cornea

b = optic nerve

c = extrinsic eye muscle

d = tapetum lucidum

a = Pigmented epithelium

b = Photoreceptor cells

c = bipolar cells

d = ganglion cells

e = vitreous humor

Ipsilateral vs Contralateral

same side vs opposite side

A bright light shined into one eye should cause ________________. 

ipsilateral and contralateral pupils constrict

Corneal Reflex Test  

There are two cranial nerves involved!  

CN 5 Trigeminal for touch (afferent) & CN 7 Facial for blink (efferent)

A touch to the cornea with a light object should ______.

elicit a blink response.

a = outer ear

c = auditory canal

d = tympanic membrane

f = round window

g = cochlea

h = semicircular canal

i = stapes

j = incus

L = middle ear

m = inner ear

a = endolymph

b = perilymph

c = organ of corti

A patient does the Weber’s test and hears a louder sound in their right ear. Which of the following results is consistent with this finding?

Conductive hearing loss in the right ear or sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear

Which of the following best describes how the Rinne test tests hearing?

it compares air conduction and bone conduction of sound to assess for conductive hearing loss

Which of the following best describes how the Weber test tests hearing?

helps determine whether hearing loss is sensorineural or conductive by evaluating sound lateralization

Which of the following is an example of sensory adaptation?

The smell of natural gas eventually fading despite unchanged presence in air.

Which circle contains a taste bud?

C

Which cranial nerves are responsible for gustatory sensation?

facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)

Which three cranial nerves are responsible for stimulating the extrinsic eye muscles?

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducens (VI)

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for chewing?

trigeminal (V)

Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for sensing gagging?

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Which of the following cranial nerve groups has nerves carrying motor output exclusively?

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Hypoglossal (XII)

Which of the following cranial nerves carry both sensory and motor signals?

Trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), Vagus (X)