Lab 2

Femur

Longest and heaviest bone in the body, only bone in the thigh.

The head of the femur is inserted where?

Into the acetabulum of the hip bone

What are areas of muscle attachment on the femur

The trochanters

On the femur what is an attachment for the gluteus maximus muscle?

Gluteal tuberosity

On the femur what area is an attachment place for the adductor magnus muscle

adductor tubercle

Hip bone is a fusion of what three bones

the ilium,

ischium

pubis

wedge-shape section that attaches vertebral column to hip bone and is part of pelvis but not a bone in the pelvic girdle.

Sacrum

Inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine is a depression called

greater sciatic notch

the outer surface of the ilium is an attachment for what muscles

gluteal muscles

on the ischium, what muscle attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

the hamstring

How does the femur fit into the hip bone, more specifically the ischium

Through acetabulum, cup like depression.

How do you recognize the false or greater pelvis.

It is the upper basin of the pelvis. It is medial to the iliac fossa

true pelvis

It is the lower basin of the pelvis, located below the pelvic inlet, and is important in childbirth. Is medial to the obturator foramen.

You can tell if the hip bones are male or female by the

sciatic notch. for a female the notch is like a 180-degree angle, while a man has an acute angle. Females have a greater subpubic angle.

Name the anterior depression on the scapula

subscapular fossa

The humerus fits into which depression of the scapula

glenoid cavity (glenoid fossa)

what part of the clavicle attaches to the scapula

acromial end

Why does the clavicle break so easily

it’s a structure that connects the arm to the axial skeleton, so if you fall, it bears the most weight. Its can break at the middle and lateral ends/both ends.

The proximal epiphyseal line on the humerus has what other name

anatomical neck

the condyles on the humerus have what names

capitulum and trochlea

Name the ridge of bony tissue proximal to the lateral condyle of the humerus

lateral Supracondylar ridge

name the depression on the ulna into which the humerus inserts

trochlear notch

Name the bony process that extends distally from the head of the ulna

styloid process

How does the head of the ulna differ from the head of the radius

The head of the radius is at the proximal end of the forearm (top) while the head of the ulna is distal to the forearm (bottom)

The metacarpals consist of what three regions

base (proximal), shaft (body), and head (distal)

Carpal bone at base of thumb

trapezium

What joins the two hip bones at the anterior junction

Pubic symphysis, a fibrocartilage joint.

The roughened line that runs along the length of the posterior femur

Linea aspera

appendicular skeleton consists of

pelvic girdle, upper limb, lower limb, and pectoral girdle.

What indentation on the scapula contains a nerve that innervates shoulder muscles?

scapular notch

supraglenoid tubercle

Where the biceps brachii muscle attaches

infraglenoid tubercle

attachment point for the triceps brachii muscle

Small bone between the scapula and sternum

clavicle

Humerus

A long bone. Attaches to scapula via glenoid cavity and the ulna (trochlea to trochlear notch) capitulum of humerus attaches to head of radius

On the humerus, what’s attached to the intertubercular/bicipital groove

one of the biceps brachii tendons

What part of the humerus is most commonly fractured

the surgical neck

What roughened area on the humerus attaches to the deltoid muscle

deltoid tuberosity

the length of the humerus consists of

diaphysis/shaft and nutrient foramen (conducts blood vessels in the bones)

What are points of attachment that manipulate the forearm and hand

lateral epicondyle and medial supracondylar ridge

On the forearm (radius and ulna) what is inserted in the radial tuberosity

biceps brachii muscle

the olecranon process is known as the

elbow

How many bones in the hand

8 carpal bones and 14 phalanges bones.

metacarpal 1 is the

thumb or pollex, it allows for significant movement of thumb

Pallela (kneecap)

a bone formed in the tendon that runs from the quadriceps muscles on the anterior thigh to the tibia

The patella is also known as a

sesamoid bone

On the leg there’s a proximal called the tibial tuberosity, what does it connect to?

attaches to the patellar ligament

The medial malleolus and lateral malleolus (leg) forms a joint with the

talus

How many tarsal bones are in the foot

seven

The calcaneus is also known as the

heel bone

Long bones include

arm, forearm, fingers, thigh, and leg

short bones are

wrist and ankle

Flat bones include the

cranium, sternum, ribs, scapulae

Irregular bones include

pelvic girdle, facial, and vertebrae.

A long bone consists of what

proximal and distal ends (epiphyses)

Shaft of bone (diaphysis

These bones are made of articular cartilage made of hyaline cartilage

epiphyseal plate

a plate of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis which increases in thickness due division of chondrocytes. Once you reach growth, the plate goes from being made of cartilage to bone, what’s left of cartilage is a line called epiphyseal line.

In osteoporosis, you have a significant loss of spongy bone. Why would losing spongy bone weaken the bone.

Spongy bone has trabeculae that provide structural support and help distribute forces; losing it decreases the bone's strength and ability to withstand stress.

What’s an osteon

Unit of bone tissue that is organized around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves.

Role of osteocytes

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix, regulate mineral content, detects strains or stress, and communicate with other bone cells to coordinate bone remodeling.

Difference between central canal and lacunae

Central canal is lager and holds blood vessels and nerve fibers. The lacuna are smaller dark spots that only carry an osteocyte.

Shoulder blade is attached to

clavicle and humerus