Abnormal Psychology Test 1

True or False: In general, mental health professionals hold positive attitudes toward the people they serve.

False

The release of patients from mental health facilities is called what?

Deinstitutionalization

Which school of thought studied topics such as happiness, love, hope, optimism, life satisfaction, goal setting, leisure, and subjective well-being?

Positive Psychology

True or False: The scientific study of psychological disorders is called abnormal behavior.

False

Which school of thought believed that behavior could be modified if the correct combination of reinforcements and punishments were used?

Behaviorism

When people with mental illnesses internalize negative stereotypes and prejudice and discriminate against themselves, they are engaging in which type of stigma?

Self-stigma

What is the definition of epidemiology?

The scientific study of the frequency and causes of diseases and other health-related states in specific populations

True or False: The scientific method is a systematic method for gathering knowledge about the world around us.

True

True or False: Behaviorism addressed the full range of human functioning and focused on personal fulfillment, self-actualization, and positive regard.

False

True or False: A person is said to be deviant when he or she fails to follow the stated and unstated rules of society.

True

Which perspective proposes that abnormal behavior can arise when people avoid making choices, do not take responsibility, and fail to actualize their full potential?

Existential perspective

True or False: Modeling techniques can help change behavior by allowing a person to observe someone interacting appropriately with a stimulus that normally causes anxiety.

True

Dopamine, endorphins, GABA, and glutamate are types of:

Neurotransmitters

The work of individuals such as Miller, Neisser, Beck, and Ellis suggests that people can contribute to psychological problems through how they interpret events in the world around them. This view best represents which model?

Cognitive

Which model of mental illness includes factors such as one’s religious orientation, ethnicity, and gender?

Sociocultural

True or False: Twin and family studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives suffering from OCD and borderline personality disorder are at higher risk of developing these disorders themselves.

True

When an individual is accepted as they are, receives unconditional positive regard, and is encouraged to become a fully functioning and self-actualized person, this reflects which perspective?

Humanistic

When we do not have the skills necessary to complete a task but blame the other members of our group for being incompetent and unreliable, we are using which defense mechanism?

Projection

If you take Tylenol and a headache goes away, making you more likely to take Tylenol again when you have a headache, this represents which behavioral contingency in operant conditioning?

Negative reinforcement

True or False: When a single factor, such as a fearful event during early childhood or how a person copes with life stressors, is considered the cause of a mental disorder, we are using a multidimensional model.

False

If a person takes the MMPI on Tuesday and then takes the same test again on Friday, the scores should be nearly identical. If they are, the test has good _____.

Test-retest reliability

True or False: The success of treatment depends on finding evidence-based treatment specific to the person’s problem, the expertise of the therapist, and the characteristics, values, culture, preferences, and personality of the client.

True

A face-to-face encounter between a mental health professional and a patient in which the professional observes the patient and gathers information about behavior, attitudes, current situation, personality, and life history is called a:

Clinical interview

_____ is when a mental health professional collects information and draws conclusions through the use of observation, psychological tests, neurological tests, and interviews to determine the person’s problem and presenting symptoms.

Clinical assessment

Making sure that one patient’s experience when taking a test or being assessed is the same as another patient’s experience through clearly established rules, norms, and procedures is called:

Diagnosis

True or False: The American Psychiatric Association (APA) publishes the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD).

False

Symptoms that cluster together on a regular basis are called:

Syndromes

True or False: Psychotherapy is not based on scientifically validated procedures but instead on the personal orientation of the therapist.

False

The DSM and ICD are examples of:

Classification systems

True or False: The first-line treatment option for bipolar disorder is antidepressant medication.

False

We give a diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder when there is:

A hypomanic episode and a current or past major depressive episode

Which of the following describes a depressive disorder in which an individual experiences at least five depressive symptoms, in addition to either a depressed mood or loss of interest, for at least two weeks?

Major Depressive Disorder

What is the key difference between depressive and bipolar disorders?

A manic or hypomanic episode

Which of the following is severe enough to cause impairment in social or occupational functioning and can lead to hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others?

Manic episode

Which age bracket reports the highest rates of depression?

18 to 29-year-olds

It is believed that _____ levels of serotonin and _____ levels of norepinephrine may explain manic episodes.

Low; high

True or False: Persistent Depressive Disorder shares symptoms with Major Depressive Disorder but is usually more severe and has a shorter duration.

False

What is the goal of behavioral activation?

To increase the frequency of behaviors so individuals can experience more rewards in their lives

Maladaptive attitudes, the cognitive triad, errors in thinking, and automatic thoughts all contribute to the cognitive model of depressive disorders.

True

To receive a diagnosis of PTSD, an individual must present with symptoms from how many distinct symptom categories?

Four

Which disorder involves emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor, but does not require a specific list of symptoms?

Adjustment Disorder

True or False: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is identified as the preferred psychological treatment for depersonalization/derealization disorder because it can address negative attributions and catastrophic interpretations.

True

Which two treatments are identified in the text as strongly supported first-line psychological treatments for PTSD?

TF-CBT and EMDR

Which time period best describes acute stress disorder?

3 days to 1 month after a traumatic event

Dissociative amnesia is best described as:

An inability to recall important autobiographical information, often related to trauma or stress

True or False: Culturally accepted possession states should generally be diagnosed as Dissociative Identity Disorder.

False

Which of the following best describes derealization?

Feeling that the surrounding world is unreal or unfamiliar

What is the key diagnostic feature of Dissociative Identity Disorder?

Two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession

True or False: Social and family support can serve as protective factors following trauma and may be associated with fewer trauma symptoms and faster recovery.

True

True or False: Avoiding a feared object or situation may reduce anxiety in the short term while also helping maintain the fear by preventing the person from learning that the situation can be tolerated safely.

True

Which treatment involves creating a hierarchy of feared situations and gradually exposing the person to increasingly anxiety-provoking stimuli while using relaxation techniques?

Systematic desensitization

Which treatment technique for panic disorder intentionally produces bodily sensations associated with panic so that the patient can learn that those sensations are uncomfortable but not dangerous?

Interoceptive exposure

An individual repeatedly notices an increased heart rate and interprets it as evidence that they are about to have a heart attack. The fear increases their physiological arousal, which then strengthens their belief that something is seriously wrong. This pattern best illustrates:

Catastrophic misinterpretation of physiological arousal

True or False: Panic disorder requires recurrent panic attacks, but the attacks must always have an identifiable external trigger.

False

A child observes a parent react with extreme fear whenever a dog approaches. Over time, the child also begins to fear dogs despite never having a negative experience with one. This example best illustrates:

Modeling

True or False: To meet the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, excessive anxiety and worry must occur more days than not for at least six months.

True

Which anxiety disorder has the highest prevalence rate presented in the text?

Specific phobia

Which statement best distinguishes anxiety from fear?

Anxiety involves anticipation of a future threat, while fear is a response to an imminent threat.

Which of the following best describes agoraphobia?

Fear of situations in which escape may be difficult or help may not be available

Which statement best distinguishes illness anxiety disorder from somatic symptom disorder?

Illness anxiety disorder usually involves little or no significant somatic symptoms, while somatic symptom disorder involves significant physical symptoms and excessive concern about them.

True or False: A person must be intentionally producing their physical symptoms in order to receive a diagnosis of functional neurological symptom disorder.

False

Which biological finding discussed in relation to OCD helped support the role of serotonin in obsessive-compulsive symptoms?

Medications that increase serotonin activity were found to reduce OCD symptoms.

In obsessive-compulsive disorder, why are compulsive behaviors likely to continue over time?

They temporarily reduce anxiety, negatively reinforcing the behavior.

Which treatment approach is especially emphasized for hoarding disorder because patients often struggle with decision-making, beliefs about possessions, and motivation to discard items?

Cognitive restructuring and motivational interviewing

True or False: Exposure and response prevention involves exposing a person to an obsession while preventing the compulsive behavior normally used to reduce the resulting anxiety.

True

True or False: Factitious disorder and somatic symptom disorder are similar because symptoms are deliberately produced in both disorders.

False

Which statement best describes psychological factors affecting other medical conditions?

A genuine medical condition is present, but psychological or behavioral factors negatively affect its course, symptoms, or treatment.

Which feature is most characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder?

Preoccupation with a perceived physical defect that appears slight or is not observable to others

According to the psychodynamic explanation of somatic disorders, primary gain refers to:

Protection from anxiety or unconscious emotional conflict through the physical symptom