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Two Underlying Processes of motor milestone development:
Development of muscle strength.
Establishment of neural control over muscles.
Cephalocaudal
Head-to-tail development (e.g., head control before leg control).
Proximodistal
Near-to-far/center-outward (e.g., reaching with arms before using fingers).
Hierarchical Integration
Simple to complex (combining simple actions into complex routines).
General Sequence of motor milestone development:
Head lift Rolling over Sitting unsupported Crawling Pulling to stand Cruising Standing alone Walking independently.
Temperament
Biologically based individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation (categorized as Easy, Difficult, or Slow-to-warm-up).
Emotion Regulation
Identifying, supervising, and altering emotional reactions.
Caregiver Role
Providing responsive caregiving, social referencing (infants look to caregiver reactions to interpret events), modeling calm behaviors, and soothing the infant to help them develop self-regulation.