Clin core Lecture 11

What are some types of thyroid malignancies?

1. Papillary carcinoma

2. Follicular carcinoma

3. Medullary carcinoma

4. Anaplastic carcinoma

5. Lymphoma

This type of cancer is 80-90% of all thyroid cancers:

Papillary thyroid cancer

what are the possible risk factors for papillary thryoid cancer?

Family history of thyroid cancers

Genetic mutations related to cancer development

Females are at an elevated risk

What are the characteristics of papillary thyroid cancer?

tumors are gray-tan, firm with irregular borders or circumscribed borders

cut surfaces may have cystic components with associated calcifications, central papillary features

This type of thyroid cancer is derived from follicular cells, are well-circumscribed in a fibrous capsule, well- differentiated and the prognosis is good if caught early

Follicular carcinoma

This type of thyroid cancer arises from parafollicular cells (C cells), is rare and the cells are small round cells with finely granular cytoplasm. AMYLOID is present and calcifications may be present.

Anaplastic carcinoma

How is thyroid cancer typically treated?

Complete or total thyroidectomy for all cancer cases

Radiation and chemotherapy

Gross evaluation to assess for invasion of the THYROID CANCER

The parathyroid glands are located where on the thyroid?

Posterior to the thyroid

These glands produce PTH

Parathryoid glands

What does PTH moderate?

Calcium and phosphate metabolism, vitamin D absorption

What are the 3 cell types of the parathyroid?

Chief cells

Oxyphil cells

Adipose tissue

These cells are the most abundant of the parathyroid. It synthesizes, stores and secretes PTH. They appear uniform polygonal cells with an eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm.

Chief cells

These cells are less abundant than chief cells. They are large with granular cytoplasm that stains intensely eosinophilic. absent before puberty, increases in number with age. They arise of chief cells and their function is unknown.

Oxyphil cells

What is the most common lesion of the parathyroid?

Parathyroid adenoma

What are the benign lesions of the parathyroid gland?

Adenoma

Hyperplasia

What are the malignant lesions of the parathyroid gland?

carcinoma

This adrenal gland is pyramidal shape, molded by the liver.

Right adrenal gland

This adrenal gland is semilunar/crescent shape, compressed between the kidney and spleen

Left adrenal gland

This is the thin, peripheral tissue of the adrenal parenchyma, bight yellow in color.

adrenal cortex

This is the central parenchyma of the adrenal gland, red-gray in color.

Adrenal medulla

The adrenal gland is what kind of gland?

Endocrine gland, producing multiple different hormones with systemic effects

The adrenal cortex produces the steroid hormones, which are:

cortisol

Aldosterone

Androgens (sex hormones)

The adrenal medulla produces neuroendocrine hormones, which are:

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Norepinephrine

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

There are no staging criterion for adrenal adenoma, because:

it is considered a benign lesion

This type of adrenal adenoma is low prevalence in the population. only about 3% of population. More common in females, in the elderly population. It is identified via specific signs and symptoms of hormone dysregulation. this can cause Conn’s syndrome (aldosterone) and Cushing’s syndrome (cortisol)

Functional adenoma