Biology Lab Exam

What term refers to a reaction that adds water to break large organic molecules into smaller subunits?

Hydrolysis Reaction

Glucose

Starch is a polysaccharide. What is the building block of starch?

Benedicts

What reagent detects the presence of simple sugars in a solution?

Amino Acids

What monomers join to build a protein?

What is the positive test color for the presence of PROTEINS using the BIURET reagent?

Pinkish or violet.

What reagent is used to detect the presence of LIPIDS in a solution?

Sudan Red.

A highly concentrated sugar solution will turn what color with the Benedict's agent?

Brick red.

Lipids

This group of molecules (e.g. steroids and cholesterol) are insoluble in water.

STARCH solution will turn blue-black with what indicators reagent?

Lusol's Iodine.

Phosphate Lipids

This group of organic molecules is formed when two fatty acid tails and the phosphate group attatches to a glycerol backbone.

Biuret Reagent

This reagent is used ti detect the presence of PROTEINS in a solution.

Peptide Bond

The chemical bond forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid snd the amino group of another amino acid.

Hydrophobic

A nonpolar substance that repels water is called what?

If a Benedict's test turns orange-red, hoe does this compare in concentration to a test that turns green in color?

The orange-red test has more sugar than the green test.

Dehydration

This id a chemical process that builds larger molecules (polymers) from a smaller one (monomers) by REMOVING water molecules.

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid billayer that forms the outer surface of the cell's “protective” envelope: regulates the materials that enter and exit the cell. Each cell has this.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Identified as being “smooth” or “rough” depending on the presence or thr absence of tibosomes; functions in the synthesis of lipids and proteins

Ribosome

Small bodies found in cytoplasm as well as attatched to the endoplasmic reticulum that functions in the synthesis of protein.

Nucelus

The membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material; the DNA and proteins, that direct cellular functions.

Lysosomes

There vehicles contain digestive enzymes which break down and dogest macromolecules, old organelles and debris.

What is the connective tissue that attaches a bone to another bone in the skeletal system?

Ligaments OR Dense fibrous connective tissue

Nuceleolus

Dark-staining structure(s) in the nucleus; functions in ribosome synthesis

Cytoplasm

Gel-like fluid inside a cell that contains organelles & provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place. Composed of water, salts, and several organic molecules.

Golgi Apparatus

The organelle process, packages, and secrets modified cell products into small vesicles.

Diffusion

Net movement of molecukes from an area where their concentration is high to a low concentration. Passive process, no ATP needed

What effect does molecular weight have on the diffusion rate through agar?

Lighter in weight means it will have a higher diffusion rate

What is a solute?

A dissolved substance.

What is a solvent?

A dissolving agent that is most often water in biological systems.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across the plasma membrane.

What is Tonicity

Ability to take in water

Hypertonic solution

More solute (less water) than the cell, causing the cell to shrink.

Hypotonic solution

Less solute (more water) than the cell. Will cause cell to expand.

Isotonic solution.

Equal solution and water levels. Cell will stay the same.

Semi-permeable

Property of biological membranes that allows some substances to move across while preventing others.

Active Site

This is the region on the enzyme that the substrate binds to during enzymatic reactions.

Mitochondria

Organelle in a cell that carries out cellular respiration & ATP synthesis.

What is the main energy-stoage molecules in most organism?

Carbohydrates

What is a monosaccharide?

One sugar unit and simple sugar.

A simple sugar made up of two sugar units are called what?

Disaccharide (something like lactose)

What are polysaccharides made up of?

Chains of glucose units. EX: starch and glycogen.

What is a positive control?

Something that demonstrates expected changes when the molecule being tested for is detected.

What is a negative control?

Something that demonstrates the result when the molecule being tested for is not present.

What is a stereo microscope?

An optical microscope thay provides a three/dimensional view of a specimen.

What are the two sets of the lenses in a stereo microscope?

The eyepiece/ocular lens and the objective lens.

What does a compound light microscope do?

Passes visible light through two sets of magnifying lenses (ocular and objective) to magnify specimens.

What is the light source on a Compound Light Microscope

A lamp that provides light for viewing specimens.

What is the stage with stage clips on a microscope?

A platform where you place slides, with an opening in its center to let light pass through. Two stage clips hold the slides in place on the stage.

What are the stage knobs on a microscope?

Knobs that allow for movement of the slides in different directions to enable the viewer to examine the entire slide. One Knob moves left snd right while a second moves it up and down.

What does the Iris Diaphragm do on a microscope?

Used to adjust the amount of light falling on a specimen. Its a small lever beneath the condenser.

What is the Condenser on a microscope?

Made up of lens or a set of lenses that gather and concentrate light from the illuminator into the sample. It's located beneath the stage.

What does the coarse focus knob do?

Used to focus specimens with scanning objectives. Knobs helps move the sgage to bring the object into focus and should only be used when the scanning objective is positioned above the stage.

What does the fine focus knob do?

Allows for fine focusing of the specimen. Located within the coarse adjustment knob.

What do the eyepiece/ocular lenses do?

What you look through on a microscopez most compound microscopes have 10x magnifying power.

What does the revolving nose piece do?

Holds the objective lenses. Selected lenses is rooted into position by turning the nosepiece.

What are the 4 objective lenses?

1) Scanning, lowest magnification (4x)

2) low-power (10x)

3) High-power (40x)

4) Immersion oil (100x)

What happens to the field of view as the magnification power increases?

It shrinks.

Parafocal

Refers to objectives that vam be changes eith minimal or no refocusing, when magnification is changed.

.

What discovery in biology coincided eith the discovery of the microscopes?

Cells.

To focus on a soecimen under the microscope, it is best to start with which objective lense?

Scanning.

What teo parts of a microscope combine to give a magnified view of an object?

Ocular and objective lenses.

A student prepares a slide of the letter “d” and positions the slide on the stage of a microscope so the letter is in the normal reading position. When viewed through the microscope, the image will appear as?

Upside down.

Sciencetific Method

A systematic approach used in scientific studies typically including observation, hypothesis, experiments, data analysis, and conclusion.

Hypothesis

An educated guess or proposed, testable explanation for an observation.

Independent Variable

The factor that is changed or manipulated by the scientist.

Dependent Variable

The factor thay changes as a result of the independent variable. It's what you measure in an experiment.

Control Group

The group that does not relieve the experimental treatment and is used for comparison.

Conclusion

A summary that states whether the hypothesis was supported or rejected based on the data.

Data

Evidence or information collected during an experiment.

Observation

A process of systematically noticing and recording phenomena to generate questions, hypothesis, or data.

Line graph

A chart or diagram that displays data trends, movement, or changes over a continuous period.

Bar Graph

A chart or a diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles of equal width.

Quantitative.

Data or information that can be measured, counted, and expressed numerically.

Qualitative

Data that id a descriptive information thst captures observable qualities and characteristics.

Pseudo-science

A claim, belief, or practice that is presented as scientific but does not adhere to the standards and methods of science.

How is volume measured in solid objects

L x W x H

What is Mass?

Measurement of matter.

What is weight?,

The force exerted by gravity upon an object.

What tools might you use to measure Volume?

Graduated cylinder or a test tube.

What is one thousandth of a gram?

Milligram

How many millimeters in a centimeter?

10

How many milliliters in a liter?

1000

Meniscus

Term that refers to the level you measure in a graduated cylinder.

Celcius

What is the metric temperature scale called?

30 grams equals how many milligrams?

30,000

One ml equals how many cubic centimeters

1cm³

2500 mg equals hoe many grams?

2.5 grams.

4.5 liters equals how many ml?

4500 ml

20 mL of water weights hoe much?

20 cm³

How many centimeters in 1 meter?

100

If you were to fill a graduated cylinder to 250 mL then drop an object in that raises the water level to 300 mL, what is the volume of the new object in cubic centimeters?

50 cm³

What is the smallest unit of measurement shown on a meter stick?

Millimeters.

2.5L is how many dL?

25 dL

What is a simple epithelium and what does it do?

Simple epithelium means it is a single layer. It functions in absorption and diffusion and is found in the lungs and blood capillaries.

What is a stratified epithelium, what does it do, where is it located?

Stratified means there is multiple cell layers. They function in protection. They're found in epidermis, mouth, esophagus, anal cavity, and vagina.

What is pseudostratified?

Tissues that appear to be layered but all cells reach the basement membrane and are technically only one layer thick.

What type of cell is this? Where is it found?

This is a simple squamous cell, found in the lungs.

What type of cell is this? Where is it found?

Simple Cuboidal, found in the Kidney.

What type of cell is this? Where is it found?

Simple columnar, found in stomach.

What type of cell is this? Where is it found?

Psuedostratified Columnar, found in the trachea.

What type of cell is this? Where is it found?

Stratified Squamous, found in Esophaqus.