developmental errors

weak syllable deletion

omission of an unstressed (weak) syllable either preceding or following a stressed syllable (ex. Telephone--> tɛfon)

final consonant deletion

deletion of the final consonant in a word (ca for cat, bei for bake). Making it an open syllable.

reduplication

a syllable structure phonological process that involves the repetition of a syllable of a word (dady- dada, dog, dada)

cluster reduction

Deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster. If a cluster contains 3 consonants, it may delete one or two (ex. spray to prei or rei)

stopping

where a child replaces fricative or affricate sounds with stop sounds (soap to toap)

fronting

When velar or palatal sounds like /k/, /g/, sh are substituted with alveolar sounds like /t/, /d/ and /n/. (ex. cat to tat

Affrication

fricatives are replaced by affricates (train to tsrein)

Deaffrication

affricates are replaced by a single sound- either fricatives or stops (chip to ship) (jam to dam) not both (ts)

gliding

replacing liquid (/r, l/) sounds with glide sounds (/w, j/) (ex. red to wed)

vocalization

replacing a liquid sound (/r/ /l/) sound with a vowel (nail to neu, tiger to tigu)

assimilation

When one sound influences another, causing it to change its pronunciation

labial assimilation

When a non-labial sound changes to a labial sound because a neighboring labial sound influences it in the same word (ex., book to boop)

alveolar assimilation

When a non-alveolar sound changes to an alveolar sound because a neighboring alveolar sound influences it in the same word (ex., time to tain)

Velar assimilation

When a non-velar sound changes to a velar sound because a neighboring velar sound influences it in the same word (ex. cup to kuk)

fricative assimilation

When a non-fricative changes into a fricative because a neighboring fricative sound influences it in the same word (ex. sitter to /sɪsɚ/)

lateral assimilation

When a non-lateral approximate soundchanges into a lateral because a neighboring lateral sound influences it in the same word (ex. later to /leɪlʊ/)

nasal assimilation

When a non-nasal sound changes into a nasal sound because a neighboring nasal sound influences it in the same word (ex. night to nain)

progressive assimilation

If the direction of change moves from left to right (ex. "cat" as /kæk/)

regressive assimilation

If the direction of change moves back (ex. "cat" as /tæt/)

one, one

rules of assimilation:

1. The target word has to have at least __ phoneme that fits the description of the type of assimilation

2. The child's production must contain at least __ more of that type of sound (through substitution)

Backing

Consonants produced more anterior to the oral cavity are substituted for a velar stop consonant (ex. time to kaim, zoom to goom, push to puk)

voicing assimilation

The process in which one sound becomes more like another sound in terms of whether it is voiced or voiceless

prevocalic voicing

An assimilation of a voiceless consonant that becomes voiced when it comes before a vowel (ex., pig to big, ten to den)

devoicing

An assimilation of syllable-final of a voiced sound that becomes replaced voiceless counterpart (ex. bed to bet, dog to dok)

SODA

substitution, omission, distortion, addition

Substitution

one sound is replaced with another (rabit to wabit)

omission

A sound is completely left out (cat to ca)

Addition

An extra sound is added (dog to doguh)