Infection

An infection occurs when a pathogen __, defenses are __, and disease __.

enter the body, overwhelmed, develops or occurs.

What are four main kinds of “germs”?

• Bacteria

• Fungi

• Virus

• Protozoa

What are these risk factors of:

• Populations at risk

• Immune status of individual

• Person with chronic disease

• Environmental factors influences

• Other factors affecting infection risks

Risk Factors related to Infection

What are three main factors that contribute to manifestation of a disease?

• Host

• Agent

• Environment

Which stage of Infection is:

• Interval between pathogen’s invasion to the body and infection symptoms.

Incubation stage

Which stage of Infection is:

• Early signs and symptoms vague and non-specific.

Prodromal stage

Which stage of Infection is:

• Infection is present in body.

Full Stage of Illness

Which stage of Infection is:

• Recovery from infection begin.

Convalescent stage

What is the chain of infection?

1. Means of transmission

2. Portals of entry

3. Susceptible host

4. Infectious agent

5. Reservoir

6. Portal of exit from reservoir

Which mode of Transmission:

• Microorganisms transmitted by direct contact with client

• Spread by large droplets

Direct Contact

Which mode of Transmission:

• Spread via air (small particulates)

• Vehicle borne

• Vector borne (mechanical or biologic)

Indirect Contact

What are examples of vehicle borne transmission?

Non-living organism (water, food, air, fomites).

What are examples of vector borne transmission?

Living organism (insects, ticks, animals).

What is the 1st nursing intervention for preventing infection?

Hand Hygiene

Standard Precautions: When and how are gloves used?

__ perform hand hygiene __ donning & __ doffing gloves.

Always, before, after

Standard Precautions: When and how are gloves used?

__ change gloves __ clients.

Always, between

Standard Precautions: When and how are gloves used?

Gloves do not provide __ protection against hand contamination.

complete or full

What is the correct order for donning PPE?

Gown, Mask, Goggles, Gloves

What is the correct order for doffing PPE?

Gloves, Goggles, Mask, Gown

Contact Precautions

Before entering the room, staff must first __.

perform hand hygiene.

Contact Precautions

Everyone entering the room must wear:

Isolation gown, clean gloves, and limit patient transport.

Contact Precautions

Before leaving room, staff must __.

remove gloves first, then gown, and perform hand hygiene.

Droplet Precautions

Before entering the room, staff must first __.

perform hand hygiene.

Droplet Precautions

Everyone entering the room must wear:

a mask, limit patient transport, and place mask on patient during transport.

Droplet Precautions

Before leaving room, staff must __.

remove mask, and perform hand hygiene.

Environmental Precautions

Before entering the room, staff must first __.

perform hand hygiene.

Environmental Precautions

Everyone entering the room must wear:

isolation gown, clean gloves, and limit patient transport.

Environmental Precautions

Before leaving room, staff must __.

perform bleach cleaning, remove glove then gown, and perform hand hygiene with soap & water.

Airborne Precautions

Before entering the room, everyone must first __.

perform hand hygiene.

Airborne Precautions

Healthcare workers entering the room must wear:

N95 Respirator mask

Airborne Precautions

Visitors entering the room must wear:

Surgical mask

Airborne Precautions

Before leaving room, staff must __.

perform hand hygiene.

Airborne Precautions

After leaving room, staff must __.

close the door and remove N95 respirator.

What are these precautions of:

• Some patient’s immune system is low or almost non-existent

• Increased susceptibility to infection

• Example: patients receiving chemo

Neutropenic precautions

What do these patients have in common:

• Common cold

• Influenza

• Suspected pneumonic plague

• Measles

• MRSA

• VRE

They all have infectious agents.

Which type of asepsis is:

• Clean Technique

• Procedures and practices reducing the number and transfer of pathogens

• Performing hand hygiene

• Wearing gloves

• Reduce number of pathogens

Medical Asepsis

Which type of asepsis is:

• Sterile Technique

• Must wear sterile gown and gloves

• Set up and maintain sterile field

• Sterile drapes for client/equipment

• Practices to keep objects microorganism free

Surgical Asepsis

What are these principles of:

• Sterile only touches Sterile

• Waist high, anything below waist or above face is not sterile

• Nothing over the field

  • No reaching, coughing, sneezing, talking

  • Do not allow clients to reach in field

• One-inch edge is considered unsterile

• Never turn your back

• When in doubt, throw it out

Principles of Surgical Asepsis

What are Nosocomial infections?

• Exogenous source

• Endogenous source

• Iatrogenic

Common sites of HAI

__ - catheter associated urinary tract infection.

CAUTI

Common sites of HAI

__ - surgical site infection.

SSI

Common sites of HAI

__ - central line associated blood stream infection.

CLABSI

Common sites of HAI

__ - ventilator assisted pneumonia.

VAP

Antibiotics

__ - attack and kill.

Bactericidal

Antibiotics

__ - attack and destroy replication.

Bacteriostatic

Antibiotics

__ - helps get condition under, not specific.

Broad spectrum

Antibiotics

__ - target specific group of bacteria.

Narrow spectrum

Antivirals/Antimicrobials

Interventions for treatment of __ infections.

various

Antivirals/Antimicrobials

__ course of antimicrobial therapy required to __ infection or the __ of infection due to an inadequate initial treatment.

Remember, secondary, reemergence

What syndrome is characterized by the following:

• Red rash with pruritus face, neck, and upper torso

Red Man Syndrome

Which disease has the following:

• Infection of urinary system

• Common healthcare acquired infection

• Often associated with catheters

• Prevention is essential

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Which disease has the following:

• Bacterial skin infection

• Occurs when skin barrier breaks

• Can spread rapidly

• Early recognition is important

Cellulitis