14.1: hormonal communication

What can hormones be?

Steroids, proteins, glycoproteins, polypeptides, amines and tyrosine deratives

Role of the pituitary gland?

Produces growth hormones which controls growth of bones, muscles, anti-diuretic hormone which increase reabsorption of water in kidneys and gonadotrphoins of water which controls growth development of ovaries and testes

Role of the thyroid gland?

Produces thyroxine which control rate of metabolism and rate that glucose is used up in respiration and promotes growth

What’s the role of the adrenal gland?

Produces adrenaline which increases heart and breathing rate and raises blood sugar level

What’s the role of the testis?

Produces testosterone which controls sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics

what’s the role of the panels gland?

Produces melatonin

What’s the role of the thymus?

Produces thumping which promotes production and maturation of WBC

What’s the role of pancreas?

Produces insulin and glucagon

How do hormones stimulate target cells to produce a response?

Once hormones are secreted they travel in the blood plasma around the body and they diffuse out of the blood and bind to specific receptors sites on cell membranes

What are exocrine glands?

They secrete chemicals through ducts into organs or the surface of the body

How do steroid hormones effect the cell?

Since they are lipid soluble they can pass through to the lipid component of the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus and form a hormone-receptor complex. This complex acts as a transcription factor that facilities/inhibits transcription of specific genes

How do non-steroid hormones effect cells?

Since they are hydrophilic they cannot pass through the cell membrane so it binds to receptors on cell surface of a target cell. This triggers a cascade reaction meditated by chemicals called secondary messages

Where the medulla in the adrenal gland

In the middle

Where is the correct in the adrenal gland?

The outer layer

What does the cortex secretes?

Steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone

What does the medulla secretes?

Catecholamine hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline

How’s the producing of the hormones by the adrenal cortex controlled?

By the pituitary gland

what’s the glucocorticoids?

It includes cortisol and helps regulate metabolism by controlling how the body converts fats, proteins and carbohydrates. It also regulates blood pressure and cardiovascular functions in response to stress

What’s corticosterone?

Works with cortisol to regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory reactions.

What’s the mineralocorricoids?

Main one produced is aldosterone which helps regulate blood pressure by maintaining the balance between salt and water concentrations in the blood and body fluids

What are androgens?

Small amount of male and female sex hormones produced by adrenal cortex

When are the hormones in the adrenal medulla released?

When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, usually when the body is stressed.

What hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla?

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

What does adrenaline do?

It increased the heart rate and sends blood quickly to the muscles and brain. Also increases blood glucose

What does noradrenaline do?

Works with adrenaline in response to stress producing effects like increased heart rate, widening of pupils, widening of air passages in the lungs and narrowing of blood vessel in non essential organs (increased blood pressure)