Exs phys test 3

what are the major functions of the cardiovascular system

deliver O2, nutrients, remove CO2 and other waste products, transport hormones, temp balance

what is the hearts function

generate pressure to drive blood through the vessels

how does blood flow through a gradient

with pressure

what are the different types of movements or gradients

concentration gradient, electrical gradient, pressure gradient

what must blood flow meet

metabolic demands

what is the function of the left and right atrium

receive blood

where does the right atrium receive blood from

body

where does left atrium receive blood from

lungs

what is the function of the right and left ventricles

pump blood out of the heart

where does the left ventricle pump blood to

body

where does the right ventricle pump blood to

lungs

where is the tricuspid valve located

between right atrium and right ventricle

where is the bicuspid valve

between left atrium and left ventricle

where is the aortic valve

inside left ventricle

where is the pulmonary valve

anterior in the middle

where does O2 travel too from the blood

through the mitochondria to the electron transport chain becomes water drives production of ATP

how do valves open

1 way and respond to pressure gradient

how does blood travel through the body

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve (pulmonary arteries) lungs (pulmonary veins) left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava, right atrium

what is the role of the arteries

deliver/send blood away from the heart

what is the role of the arterioles

regulatory vessels

what is the role of the capilaries

exchange of nutrients

what is the role of the veins

bring blood back into the heart

what is the intrinsic regulation of the heart

automaticity, heart can contract on its own

what is the extrinsic regulation of the heart

parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

what is the chain of commands

SA node, atrial cells, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

what is the SA node

receives signal from sympathetic or parasympathetic NS

what is apart of the AV bundle

AV node and bundle of his

what are the Purkinje fibers

ventricular cells

what do the AV bundles and bundle branches allow

delay the spread of an impulse

why is a delay important when signaling impulses

allows time for blood to fill the heart so it doesn’t have to contract as much

what is the Franks-Starling mechanism

the amount of blood received increases blood going out

what is ejection fraction

measure of contractility

what is cardiac output

Q=HRxSV

what is the cardiac cycle

diastole and systolic pressure

what is happening in the diastolic phase

relaxation and filling of blood

what happens during the systolic phase

contraction and ejection of blood

what is pressure

the force that drives flow

what gets provided by pressure

provided by heart contraction, high pressure to low pressure, pressure gradient

what part of the heart has high pressure

LV arteries

what part of the heart has the low pressure

veins in RA

what is resistance R

force that opposes to flow

what happens when resistance increases

flow decreases

where does resistance come from

physical characteristics of vessels and blood

what is the formula for flow

Q= change in pressure gradient/resistance

what are characteristics of vessels and blood

small changes in arterioles radius (vasoconstriction, vasodilation)

what is the return of blood flow to the heart

upright posture makes venous return to heart more difficult

what are the 3 mechanisms that assist in return of blood the heart

1 way valves in veins, muscle pumps, respiratory pump

what are the major functions of blood

transportation of nutrients, O2 and waste, temperature regulation, acid base balance

what is a part of whole blood

plasma, formed elements

what is viscocity

thickness of blood

what is the formula for hematocrit

formed elements/ total blood volume

what happens when the thickness of blood increases

plasma decreases

what is the purpose of the respiratory system

carry oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from body tissues

what are the mechanisms in which O2 and CO2 are carried to body tissues

pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary diffusion, transport of gases, capillary diffusion

what is ventilation

process of moving air in and out of the lungs

what is the transport zone

transporting of gas, exchange does not occur

what is the exchange zone

where gas is exchanged in the alveoli

what is an inhale

diaphragm contracts, increases volume, decreases pressure, air flows in

what is an exhale

diaphragm relaxes, decreases volume, increases pressure, air flows out

what is apart of ventilation and air flow

respiratory pump

what is the respiratory pump

changes in intraabdominal intrathoracic pressure promote venous return to the heart

what happens when pressure increases in the pump

venous compression/ squeezing

what happens when pressure decreases in the pump

venous filling

how are pulmonary volumes measured

spirometry

what is measured by spirometry

lung volumes, tidal volumes, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity

what is tidal volume

amount of air breathed in/out in a normal breath

what is vital capacity

capacity/how much you can move in/out of your lungs

what is residual volume

amount of air you cant let out

what is total lung capacity

total amount of air your lungs can hold

what is the formula for ventilation

Ve=RRxTV

what are the mechanisms of regulation

central, central chemoreceptors, peripheral

what is the central regulation

respiratory centers located in brain stem

what is central chemoreceptors

stimulated by increase in CO2 and H

what is peripheral regulation

peripheral chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

what are peripheral chemoreceptors

sensitive to blood PO2, PCO2, H

what are mechanoreceptors

sensitive to stretch

what is internal respiration

exchange of gases at tissues

what is external respiration

exchange of gasses at lungs

what is pulmonary diffusion

gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries

what are the major functions of pulmonary diffusion

replenishes blood O2 supply, removes CO2 from blood

what is the most important factor of determining gas exchange

partial pressure gradient

what does partial pressure gradient drive

gas diffusion

where does O2 deliver to

tissues

where does O2 get picked up at

lungs

what factors influence O2 delivery and uptake

O2 content of blood, blood flow, local conditions

what influences O2 content of blood

PO2 or Hb saturation, creates arterial PO2 gradient for tissue exchange

what influences blood flow

decrease in blood flow decrease O2 delivery to tissues, exercise increases blood flow

what influences local conditions

shift in Hb curve, low pH high temperature promote unloading in tissues

what is oxyhemoglobin

O2+Hb

what is deoxyhemoglobin

Hb alone

when O2 is transported in blood what does it depend on (hemoglobin saturation)

PO2 and affinity between O2 and Hb

what is occurring when there is high PO2 in lungs

loading/binding

what is occurring when there is a low PO2 in tissues

unloading/dropping off

what is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

graphical representation of what is happening in the body, how does PO2 effect saturation

what factors effect hemoglobin saturation

Blood pH and temperature

what is influences blood pH

more acidic O2 curve shifts to the right, more O2 is unloaded at acidic muscle

what is influences by blood temperature

warmer O2 shifts to the right, promotes tissue O2 unloading during exercise

what is a leftward shift at lungs facilitating

O2 binding when there is a decrease in O2 and heat

how is CO2 carried in blood

as a bicarbonate, dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin

what is the binding of hemoglobin and CO2 called

carbaminohemoglobin