Fish biology quiz 4

Hollow oil filled cadual neural and hemal spine

intracranial joint gape extension

fat-filled swimbladder

Coelacanthiformes 1 family es,

slender paired fin

internal nostrils

spiral value

Ceratodontiformes- 3 familys

extinct walking devonian lung fish

tetrapod evolution

Compressiform

compressed

Depressiform

Depressed

anguilliform

snake like

Fusiform

Like tuna

what are sagittal body shape?

fusiform

what are transverse body shape?

compressed and depressed

caudal fin shapes

Heterocercal(sharks), homocercal(teleost fish)

Mouth position

terminal (y) superior (z) and subterminal/inferior (aa)

Head features

laternal line, nare(nostril), spircales, gill slits, operclulm and preperculum

Morphometrics

finlets, the tiny fins on the back

caudal keel, the little lines by the caudal fin

standard length is mouth to where the body ends right before the fin

fork length is mouth to where the fin forks

total length is mouth to the end of the fish

Musculature

Myomere-resulting muscle block

Myotome-developing muscle segment

Bony fish skeleton

Neural arch- upper arch of the spine

Haemal arch- lower arch of the spine

neurocranium-upper part where the eyes are

branchiocranium (including gill arches) (dentary, angularr, maxilla, articular, suspensorium, opercular series)

Skull, 3 parts for chondricthyes, 5 for osteichthyes

Chondricthyes

palatoquadrate- upper jaw

chondrocranium- upper part of the skull

meckels cartilage-lower jaw

Osteichtyes

Pre maxillary- upper lip

Dentary bone- lower lip

maxillary- bone that conntects the lips

peropercle- frizzy part

opercle-right side of peropercle

what are the 4 components of swimming

1 skull

2 vertebrae

3muscles

4 fins

Reactive force has 2 vector components

thrust: swimming direction

lift: 90 degrees to thrust

lateral life forces what to cancel

tail stroke

resultant force is what?

thrust- drag propels the fish foward

Pressure does what to a fuisform body for drag?

displacing water its minimized

Friction does what to a fish for drag?

water flows along the side which minimized by scales and slime

what does vortex do to minimize drag?

along the sides and tail minimizing steamlined body and fin

Undulation

wave passes down fin

Oscillation

Fins act as paddles

Moments of rotation in maneuverability

yaw: right/left

pitch: up/down

roll: axial spin

what does a neutral buoyancy do?

saves energy and free fins to enchance maneuverablilty

Physoclistous

No connection swim bladder and esophagus

Physostomous

swimbladder and esophagus connected

Ancestral living bony fish have what swimbladder

Physotomous

Phyoclistous functions

gas enters the swimbladder at gas gland (ventral) and leaves at oval (dorsal)

Physoclistous gas gland function

1 giant secretoryh cells release lactate into capillaries

2 acidic blood causes oxyhemoglobin (hbO2) to relase oxygen (o2)

3 Counter-current gas exchange in capiliaries concentrate po2 until oxygen diffuses into swimbladder against pressure

N2 is slowly carried passively into swimbladder eventually replacing o2 in fish lving at stable depths

Physoclistous swimbladder

1 muscular spincter reazes allowing gas to flow into the oval cavity

2 capillaries lining the oval absorb oxygen from the swimbladder adjusting its volume to shallow depths

Barotrauma

fish is brought to surface too fast for the oval to reduce swimbladder volume

Sharks buoyancy

large oil-filled liver

caudal fin produces upwards thrust

Swimming speeds

Cruising or sustained speed: aerobic red muscle: >200min: migration

Prolonged Speed: aerobic red muscle: maintained for ≤ 200 min: ends in fatigue
Burst Speed: anaerobic white muscle: maintained for < 20 sec: attack & defense
Beamish 1978

Fastest burst speed

Black marlin-82

mako for sharks

tunas

Role of mauthner cell

acoustic stimluls on one side of the fish fires muscles to rapid accelerate to escape and attack

Swimming muscle (myotome) type

red and white

red

low percent of swimming muscle

richly vascularized

high myoglobin, lipids, mitochondria

aerobic: sustained swimming

White

high percent of swimming muscle
poorly vascularized
low myoglobin, lipids, mitochondria

Anaerobic: short bursts

salmon have pink muscles, they have both muscles

only fish for full body endothermy

opah- have counter-current heat exchangers at gills

Counter-current heat exchange

rete mirabile in red swimming muscles

warm blood in veins transfer heat to blood in arteries

Branchial system

Mouth → buccal cavity → across the gills → opercular cavity → out through the opening beneath the operculum.

Branchial pump uses

branchiocranium-jaws and gill-supporting structures

Branchial pump

Mouth opens

mouth and gill-cover cavities expand, lowering pressure

water enters through the mouth while the outer gill flaps remain closed

mouth closes

cavities contract, raising pressure

water is pushed across the gills

outer gill flaps open

water exits behind the gill covers

Counter-current gas exchange

Water and blood flow in opposite directions

water always has more oxygen available than the blood beside it

oxygen keeps moving into the blood

the fish extracts oxygen efficiently.

Heart has 4 section and is located near what

the gills and pumps deoxygenated blood

sinus venosus: receiving chambers for inflowing vessels

atrium: initial acceleration of blood

ventricle: primary acceleration of blood

bulbus arteriosus: even flows rate of blood emerging from heart

Alternative respiratory modes

gill and gut- fish absorbs oxygen from gills and gut

lungs- fish have lungs that absorb oxygen

mouth- fish have vascular folds in the mouth that absorbs oxygen

Homoeostatsis

= maintenance and regulation of a
stable internal environment
(relative to the external environment):

•gases (O2, CO2): respiration
•temperature: thermoregulation
•immunity: immunoregulation
•solutes: osmoregulation

Thermoregulation

metabolic processes in fishes increase with temp, peak and then drop-off

Immunorgulation

Innate immunity organ- scales, skin, mouth,gills, esophagus, intestine, sleen, head kidnet, thymus

adaptive immunity- T lymphocyte from thymus, B lymphocyte from head kidney and immuniglobulin in mucus

Osmoregulation

Osmosis = water
passes through a semi-permeable membrane from a
less concentrated (hypoosmotic) to a more
concentrated (hyperosmotic) solution (and stops
when both sides of the membrane have equal
isoosmotic concentrations)

Osmolality

= concentration of solute
molecules per kilogram of water,
expressed as milliosmoles / kilogram
(mOsm/kg)

Osmoregulation marine vs freshwater

marine fish
tend to desiccate:
- drink much
- excrete concentrated
urine
- actively excrete
excess ions at gills:
chloride cells

freshwater fish
tend to bloat:
- drink little
- excrete dilute urine
- actively uptake ions
at gills:
chloride cells

Osmoregulation
Classification of fishes based on acclimation salinity

Stenohaline: tolerates a narrow salinity range(fresh or sea)
Euryhaline: tolerates a broad salinity range( estuarine or diadromous)

Osmoregulation

The tissues of a fish can have greater
(hyperosmotic), less (hypoosmotic), or
the same (isoosmotic) osmolality as
the aquatic environment, OR the
environment can have greater, less, or
the same osmolality as the fish (i.e.,
these are relative states)es).
Osmolality = concentration of