ch 15

how is ATP formed

oxidation of carbons

how are metabolic pathways regulated

allosterically, co regulated

what is catabolism and whats made from it

breaks down, get energy, Co2 H2O and NH3

what is anabolism and whats made from it

build molecules, use energy, biomolecules

how can you get energetically unfavorable reactions to proceed

couple only if each reaction is specific yielding a product and can’t occur without the other

why is ATP the central molecule in metabolism

two high energy phosphoanhydride bonds, spontaneously hydrolyze into ADP + P or AMP + PP

why is ATP hydrolysis so exergonic

electrostatic repulsion, resonance, entropy, and hydration/water binding to ADP

what is a high energy phosphate reservoir which makes ATP

creatine phosphate

what allows for ATP to be made

oxidation of carbons to CO2, electron go from carbon to oxygen

what are the essential fuels- carbs and fatty acids mainly made of and how are they used

reduce carbons, oxidized one carbon at a time depending on intermediates like 1,3 BPG, energy is captured by pyruvate or ion gradient

what are activated carriers examples

phosphate, electron/oxidation/catabolism-NAD+, FAD FMN electron/biosynthesis/anabolism-NADP+, two carbon units-acetyl-CoA

how does NAD+ work

accept two electrons and one proton(H:-), donate to molecule/O2, usually release of proton on other substrate

how does FAD work

accept two electrons and two protons, donate to molecule/O2

in biosynthesis what is more oxidized

reactants so reduced NADPH is electron donor

what is the activated carrier of two carbon units

CoA-SH, links to acetyl making acetyl-CoA by thioester bond which makes transfer of acetyl exergonic since unstable/no resonance

what does a lack of pantothenate/vitamin B5 activation do

reduced CoA levels

what does a pantothenate kinase deficiency do

hallervorden spatz syndrome

what are characteristics of an activated carrier

kinetic stability-hydrolysis resistant, not reactive to O2 high energy- acceptor and donor versatility-only few used

what regulates metabolic processes

amount of enzyme-make or break and lysozymes, catalytic activity-allosteric and modifications, accessibility of substrate-FA oxi in mito synthesis in cytoplasm, compartmentalization

what are the themes of controlling catalytic activity

respond to energy charge, regulation at committed step, works toward homeostasis