Endocrine System

Hypothalamus (released/stored by posterior pituitaty)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin

Anterior pituitary (6)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Growth hormone

Prolactin

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Pineal gland

Melatonin

Thyroid gland (follicle cells)

Triidothyronine (T3) & Thyroxine (T4)

Thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)

Calcitonin

Thymus

Thymosin & Thymopoietin

Parathyroid glands

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Adrenal cortex — zona fasciculata

Cortisol

Adrenal cortex — zona glomerulosa

Aldosterone

Adrenal medulla

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Pancreas (beta cells)

Insulin

Pancreas (alpha cells)

Glucagon

Ovaries

Estrogen & Progesterone

Testes

Testosterone

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Increases water retention; decreases urine volume

Target tissue: kidneys

Oxytocin

Uterine contractions; milk ejection

Target tissue: uterus, mammary glands

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

T3 and T4 synthesis and secretion

Target tissue: thyroid gland

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Glucocorticoid secretion (cortisol)

Target tissue: adrenal cortex

Growth hormone

Protein synthesis; longitudinal bone growth

Target tissue: bones, muscles, all tissues

Prolactin

Milk production

Target tissue: mammary glands

Melatonin

Circadian rhythm

Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)

Increases metabolic rate, thermoregulation, heart rate, and protein synthesis

Target tissue: nearly all body cells

Calcitonin

Lowers blood Ca levels

Target tissue: bone (osteoblasts)

Thymosin & Thymopoietin

Development of T cells

Target tissue: T lymphocytes

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Increases blood Ca levels, kidney reabsorption, and intestinal absorption

Target tissue: bone (osteoclasts), kidneys, intestines

Cortisol

Stress response; increases gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown; suppresses inflammation

Target tissue: liver, muscle, adipose tissue

Aldosterone

Retains Na+ and Cl-, excretes K+ and H+; maintains blood pressure and fluid balance

Target tissue: kidneys

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Prolongs sympathetic fight-or-flight response

Target tissue: heart, lungs, blood vessels

Insulin

Lowers blood glucose by facilitating cellular glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis

Target tissue: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue

Glucagon

Raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Target tissue: liver

Estrogen & Progesterone

Estrogen: oocyte maturation; secondary sex traits

Progesterone: prepare uterus for pregnancy

Target tissue: female repoructive tract, breasts

Testosterone

Spermatogenesis, male secondary sex traits, muscle and bone growth

Target tissue: male reproductive tract, muscles, bone

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Females: ovarian follicle development

Males: sperm production

Target tissue: ovaries and testes

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Females: triggers ovulation & progesterone production

Males: stimulates testosterone release

Target tissue: ovaries and testes