Unit 2 Head & Neck Muscles

occipitalis

- origin: lateral 2/3 of superior nuchal line and mastoid process

- attachment: skin of occipital region & epicranial aponeurosis

- innveration: posterior auricular nerve of facial nerve

- blood supply: posterior auricular artery

- action: moves scalp backward

frontalis

- origin: epicranial aponeurosis

- attachment: skin of frontal region, epicranial aponeurosis

- innveration: temporal branches of facial nerve

- blood supply: superficial temporal artery

- action: horizontally wrinkles skin of forehead, raises eyebrows

corrugator supercilii

- origin: medial part of supraorbital region

- attachment: skin of medial half of eyebrow

- innveration: zygomatic and temporal branches of facial nerve

- blood supply: branches of superficial temporal artery

- action: draws eyebrows downward and medially, produces vertical wrinkles of skin between eyebrows

orbicularis oculi

- origin: medial orbital margin, palpebral ligament, lacrimal bone

- attachment: skin around orbit, palpebral ligament, upper and lower eyelids

- innveration: facial nerve

- blood supply: facial and superficial temporal arteries

- action: closes eyelids

zygomaticus major

- origin: zygomatic arch

- attachment: angle of mouth

- innveration: zygomatic and buccal branches of facial nerve

- blood supply: facial artery

- action: draws angle of mouth backward and upward

zygomaticus minor

- origin: zygomatic arch

- attachment: angle of mouth, upper lip

- innveration: zygomatic and buccal branches of facial nerve

- blood supply: facial artery

- action: elevates upper lip

levator labii superioris

- origin: maxillary bone above infraorbital foramen

- attachment: skin of upper lip

- innveration: zygomatic and buccal facial nerve branches

- blood supply: facial artery

- action: elevates upper lip, dilates nares

orbicularis oris

- origin: maxillary bone above incisor teeth

- attachment: skin around lips

- innveration: zygomatic, buccal, and mandibular branches of facial nerve

- blood supply: facial artery

- action: compression, contraction, and protrusion of lips

depressor anguli oris

- origin: continuous with platysma muscle

- attachment: angle of mouth into orbicularis oris muscle and skin

- innveration: mandibular and buccal branches of facial nerve

- blood supply: facial artery

- action: depresses angle of mouth

depressor labii inferioris

- origin: lateral surface of mandible between symphysis and mental foramen, deep to depression anguli oris

- attachment: skin to lower lip, mingling with orbicularis oris muscle, medial fibers joining those of opposite side

- innveration: mandibular and buccal branches of facial nerve

- blood supply: facial artery

- action: depresses lower lip and draws it lateralward

buccinator

- origin: anterior border of pterygomandibular raphe

- attachment: angle of mouth

- innveration: buccal branches of facial nerve

- blood supply: facial artery, buccal branch of maxillary artery

- action: compresses cheeks, expels air between lips, aids in mastication

risorius

- origin: fascia over massester muscle superficial to platysma

- attachment: skin at angle of mouth

- innveration: zygomatic and buccal branches of facial nerve

- blood supply: facial artery

- action: retracts angle of mouth

platysma

- origin: skin below clavicle, upper thorax

- attachment: mandible, oral muscles

- innveration: facial nerve

- blood supply: submental and suprascapular arteries

- action: tenses skin of neck

temporalis

- origin: floor of temporal fossa, deep temporal fascia

- attachment: coronoid process and ramus of mandible

- innveration: CN V3, deep temporal nerves

- blood supply: superficial temporal and maxillary arteries, deep temporal arteries

- action: elevates mandible, posterior fibers retract mandible

masseter

- origin: zygomatic arch

- attachment: ramus of mandible, coronoid process

- innveration: mandibular nerve via masseteric nerve

- blood supply: transverse facial artery, masseteric branch of maxillary and facial arteries

- action: elevates and protrudes mandible, deep fibers retract it

medial pterygoid

- origin: medial surface of lateral plate of pterygoid, pyramidal process of palatine bone, maxillary tuberosity

- attachment: medial surface of ramus and angle of mandible inferior to mandibular foramen

- innveration: mandibular nerve, nerve to medial pterygoid muscle

- blood supply: facial and maxillary arteries

- action: bilaterally - protrudes and elevates mandible, unilaterally - produces side to side movements

lateral pterygoid

- origin: superior head - infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone, inferior head - lateral pterygoid plate

- attachment: ptergyoid fovea, capsule of temporomandibular joint, articular disc

- innveration: mandibular nerve

- blood supply: muscular branches of maxillary artery

- action: bilaterally - protrudes mandible, unilaterally - produces side to side grinding

tensor tympani

- origin: cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)

- attachment: handle of malleus

- innveration: mandibular nerve

- blood supply: middle meningeal artery

- action: tenses tympanic membrane by drawing it medially

stapedius

- origin: pyramidal eminence of temporal bone

- attachment: stapes

- innveration: facial nerve

- blood supply: MMA and posterior auricular

- action: pulls stapes posteriorly to lessen oscillation of tympanic membrane

anterior scalene

- origin: anterior tubercles of TVP of C3-C6

- attachment: scalene tubercle on first rib

- innveration: anterior rami of cervical nerves (C5-C8)

- blood supply: inferior thyroid artery

- action: elevates 1st rib, bends neck

middle scalene

- origin: posterior tubercles of TVP of C2-C7

- attachment: outer surface of 2nd rib

- innveration: anterior rami of cervical nerves (C3-C7)

- blood supply: ascending cervical artery

- action: elevates 1st rib, bends neck

posterior scalene

- origin: posterior tubercles of TVP C4-C6

- attachment: outer surface of 2nd rib

- innveration: anterior rami of cervical nerves C5-C8

- blood supply: inferior thyroid artery, transverse cervical artery

- action: elevates 2nd rib, bends neck

sternocleidomastoid

- origin: sternal head - anterior surface of manubrium, clavicular head - upper surface of medial 1/3 of clavicle

- attachment: lateral surface of mastoid process, lateral 1/2 of superior nuchal line

- innveration: accessory nerve

- blood supply: branches of occipital, superior thyroid, posterior auricular arteries

- action: bilaterally - flexes head, raises thorax, unilaterally - turns face toward opposite side

rectus capitis anterior

- origin: lateral mass of atlas

- attachment: base of occipital bone in front of foramen magnum

- innveration: anterior rami of C1-2

- blood supply: vertebral artery

- action: flexes head

rectus capitis lateralis

- origin: upper surface of transverse process of atlas

- attachment: inferior surface of jugular process of occipital bone

- innveration: anterior rami of C1-2

- blood supply: vertebral artery, occipital artery

- action: flexes head laterally to same side

longus colli

- origin: C5-T3 vertebrae and anterior tubercles of TVPs of C3-C5

- attachment: C1-C6 vertebrae

- innveration: anterior rami C2-C6

- blood supply: vertebral artery and ascending pharyngeal artery

- action: bilaterally - flex and assist in rotating cervical vertebrae and head

longus capitis

- origin: anterior tubercles of TVP C3-C6

- attachment: inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone

- innveration: anterior rami C1-C3

- blood supply: ascending pharyngeal and vertebral arteries

- action: flexes head

sternohyoid

- origin: posterior surface of manubrium

- attachment: medial part of lower border of body of hyoid

- innveration: ansa cervicalis

- blood supply: superior thyroid artery and lingual artery

- action: depresses larynx and hyoid bone, steadies hyoid body

sternothyroid

- origin: posterior surface of manubrium, edge of 1st costal cartilage, deep to sternohyoid

- attachment: oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage

- innveration: ansa cervicalis

- blood supply: superior thyroid artery

- action: depresses larynx and thyroid cartilage

thyrohyoid

- origin: oblique line on lamina of thyroid cartilage

- attachment: lower border of body and greater horn of hyoid bone

- innveration: thyrohyoid branch of C1 nerve via hypoglossal

- blood supply: superior thyroid artery

- action: depresses larynx and hyoid bone, elevates larynx when hyoid bone is fixed

omohyoid

- origin: inferior belly - upper border of scapula, superior belly - intermediate tendon

- attachment: inferior belly - intermediate tendon, superior belly - body of hyoid bone

- innveration: ansa cervicalis

- blood supply: lingual artery, superior thyroid artery

- action: steadies hyoid bone and depresses hyoid

mylohyoid

- origin: mylohyoid line of mandible

- attachment: median raphe and body of hyoid bone

- innveration: nerve to mylohyoid

- blood supply: lingual artery, facial artery

- action: elevates hyoid bone, base of tongue, and floor of mouth, depresses mandible

digastric: anterior belly

- origin: digastric fossa of mandible

- attachment: intermediate tendon attached to body of hyoid

- innveration: nerve to mylohyoid

- blood supply: submental artery

- action: raises hyoid bone and base of tongue, steadies hyoid bone, opens mouth by lowering the mandible

digastric: posterior belly

- origin: mastoid notch of temporal bone

- attachment: intermediate tendon attached to body of hyoid

- innveration: facial nerve

- blood supply: posterior auricular artery and occipital artery

- action: raises hyoid bone and base of tongue, steadies hyoid bone, opens mouth by lowering the mandible

stylohyoid

- origin: posterior border of styloid process

- attachment: body of hyoid bone at junction with greater horn

- innveration: facial nerve

- blood supply: facial artery, occipital artery

- action: elevates and retracts hyoid bone

levator veli palatini

- origin: petrous portion of temporal bone and auditory tube

- attachment: palatine aponeurosis

- innveration: vagus

- blood supply: descending palatine artery and facial artery

- action: elevates soft palate during swallowing

tensor veli palatini

- origin: medial pterygoid plate, auditory tube, spine of sphenoid

- attachment: palatine aponeurosis

- innveration: mandibular nerve

- blood supply: facial and maxillary artery

- action: tenses soft palate, opens auditory tube during swallowing and yawning

superior pharyngeal constrictor

- origin: hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, mylohyoid line

- attachment: median raphe of pharynx

- innveration: vagus nerve

- blood supply: facial and lingual arteries

- action: constricts wall of pharynx during swallowing

middle pharyngeal constrictor

- origin: stylohyoid ligament and horns of hyoid bone

- attachment: median raphe of pharynx

- innveration: vagus

- blood supply: lingual and facial arteries

- action: constricts wall of pharynx during swallowing

inferior pharyngeal constrictor

- origin: oblique line of thyroid and cricoid cartilage

- attachment: median raphe of pharynx

- innveration: vagus nerve

- blood supply: superior thyroid artery

- action: constricts wall of pharynx during swallowing

stylopharyngeus

- origin: medial aspect of styloid process

- attachment: pharyngeal wall and posterior border of thyroid cartilage

- innveration: glossopharyngeal

- blood supply: facial and lingual arteries

- action: elevates pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking

styloglossus

- origin: styloid process and stylohyoid ligament

- attachment: lateral and inferior aspect of tongue

- innveration: CN XII

- blood supply: sublingual artery

- action: retracts tongue and draws it upward for swallowing

salpingopharyngeus

- origin: pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)

- attachment: side of pharyngeal wall

- innveration: vagus nerve

- blood supply: ascending pharyngeal artery

- action: elevates pharynx and larynx during swallowing and speaking

palatopharyngeus

- origin: hard palate, superior palatine aponeurosis

- attachment: lateral pharyngeal wall

- innveration: vagus nerve

- blood supply: facial and maxillary arteries

- action: tenses soft palate, pulls walls of pharynx superiorly, anteriorly, and medially during swallowing

palatoglossus

- origin: palatine aponeurosis of soft palate

- attachment: lateral aspect of tongue

- innveration: vagus

- blood supply: facial and maxillary arteries

- action: elevates posterior tongue, depresses palate

genioglossus

- origin: mental spine of mandible

- attachment: dorsum of tongue, hyoid bone

- innveration: hypoglossal

- blood supply: sunlingual and submental arteries

- action: depresses and protrudes tongue

geniohyoid

- origin: genial tubercle of mandible

- attachment: anterior surface of body of hyoid

- innveration: hypoglossal

- blood supply: lingual artery

- action: elevates hyoid bone and depresses mandible

hyoglossus

- origin: body and greater horn of hyoid bone

- attachment: lateral and inferior aspect of tongue

- innveration: hypoglossal nerve

- blood supply: sublingual and submental arteries

- action: depresses and retracts tongue

levator palpebrae superioris

- origin: lesser wing of sphenoid bone, anterior to optic canal

- attachment: superior tarsal plate

- innveration: CN III

- blood supply: ophthalmic artery

- action: raises upper eyelid

superior rectus

- origin: common tendinous ring

- attachment: superior aspect of eyeball

- innveration: CN III

- blood supply: ophthalmic artery

- action: elevates, abducts, and medially rotates eyeball

inferior rectus

- origin: common tendinous ring

- attachment: inferior aspect of eyeball

- innveration: CN III

- blood supply: ophthalmic artery

- action: depresses, adducts, and laterally rotates eye

medial rectus

- origin: common tendinous ring

- attachment: medial aspect of eyeball

- innveration: CN III

- blood supply: ophthalmic artery

- action: adducts eyeball

lateral rectus

- origin: common tendinous ring

- attachment: lateral aspect of eyeball

- innveration: CN VI

- blood supply: ophthalmic artery

- action: abducts eyeball

superior oblique

- origin: body of sphenoid bone

- attachment: passes through trochlea, attaches to superior sclera between superior and lateral recti muscles

- innveration: trochlear

- blood supply: ophthalmic artery

- action: abducts, depresses, and medially rotates eyeball

inferior oblique

- origin: anterior floor of orbit lateral to nasolacrimal canal

- attachment: lateral sclera deep to lateral rectus

- innveration: oculomotor

- blood supply: ophthalmic artery

- action: abducts, elevates, and laterally rotates eyeball

sphincter pupillae

- origin: circular smooth muscle of iris that passes around pupil

- attachment: blends with dilator pupillae fibers

- innveration: CN III

- blood supply: ophthalmic artery

- action: constricts pupil

ciliary

- origin: corneoscleral junction

- attachment: ciliary body

- innveration: oculomotor via short ciliary

- blood supply: ophthalmic artery

- action: constricts ciliary body and lens accomodation

cricothyroid

- origin: anterior cricoid cartilage

- attachment: inferior border of thyroid cartilage and its inferior horn

- innveration: external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

- blood supply: sup. and inf. thyroid arteries

- action: lengthens and tenses the vocal ligaments

posterior cricoarytenoid

- origin: posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage

- attachment: muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

- innveration: recurrent laryngeal nerve

- blood supply: thyroid arteries

- action: abducts vocal folds

transverse and oblique arytenoid

- origin: arytenoid cartilage

- attachment: opposite arytenoid cartilage

- innveration: recurrent laryngeal nerve

- blood supply: thyroid arteries

- action: closes intercartilaginous portion of rima glottides

thyroarytenoid

- origin: posterior aspect of thyroid cartilage

- attachment: muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

- innveration: recurrent laryngeal nerve

- blood supply: thyroid arteries

- action: shortens and relaxes vocal folds, sphincter of vestibule