euro reformation

Zwingli

Swiss Reformation leader whose ideas were more extreme than Luther's

Zwingli's view of Communion

Bread and wine are symbolic; Jesus is not physically present

Luther's view of Communion

Jesus is physically and spiritually present

Colloquy of Marburg

Meeting where Luther and Zwingli tried to resolve their differences

Anabaptists

Protestants who believed only adults could be baptized

Anabaptist baptism

Adult baptism by full immersion

Anabaptist church/state belief

Church and state should be separate

Anabaptist government belief

They did not participate in government or military service

John of Leiden

Leader of the Münsterites who seized control of a city

Three major Protestant branches

Lutherans, Anabaptists, and Calvinists

John Calvin

Protestant reformer who developed Calvinism

Calvinism

Protestant branch based on Calvin's teachings

Predestination

Belief that God already knows who will go to Heaven or Hell

Calvin's sacraments

Calvinists believed in two sacraments

Calvin's Communion belief

Christ is spiritually present during Communion

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Important work written by John Calvin

Geneva

City in Switzerland where Calvin migrated and spread Calvinism

Henry VIII

English king who broke with Rome and became head of the Church of England

Henry VIII's original religious beliefs

He was skeptical of Protestants and defended the seven sacraments

Defender of the Faith

Title given to Henry VIII by the Pope

Catherine of Aragon

Henry VIII's first wife whom he wanted to annul his marriage to

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII's second wife and mother of Elizabeth I

Act of Supremacy

Declared Henry VIII the Supreme Head of the Church of England

Act of Succession

Acts that changed the order and legitimacy of Henry VIII's heirs

Treason Act

Made opposition to Henry's religious authority high treason

Thomas Cranmer

English theologian who became Archbishop of Canterbury and supported reform

Thomas Cromwell

Henry VIII's chancellor who helped dissolve the monasteries

Dissolution of the Monasteries

Henry VIII's seizure and destruction of monasteries and church property

Church of England

English church separated from papal authority

Anglican

Term for the Church of England

Henry VIII's six wives

Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr

Jane Seymour

Henry VIII's third wife and mother of Edward VI

Anne of Cleves

Henry VIII's fourth wife; their marriage was annulled after six weeks

Catherine Howard

Henry VIII's fifth wife who was accused of cheating and executed

Catherine Parr

Henry VIII's sixth wife who survived him

Edward VI

Henry VIII's son who pushed England toward Calvinist ideas

Act of Uniformity (1549)

Introduced the first Book of Common Prayer

Book of Common Prayer

Prayer book created to unify Protestant worship in England

Mary I

Henry VIII's daughter who restored Catholicism in England

Marian Restoration

Mary I's restoration of the English Church to Roman Catholicism

Philip II of Spain

Mary I's husband and Catholic king of Spain

Elizabeth I

Moderate Protestant queen who created the Elizabethan Settlement

Elizabethan Settlement

Elizabeth I's compromise between Protestant theology and Catholic traditions

Supreme Governor

Title Elizabeth I used for her authority over the Church of England

Act of Uniformity (1559)

Established Elizabeth's religious settlement and a new Book of Common Prayer

French Wars of Religion

Civil wars between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots from 1562–1598

Huguenots

French Protestants who tended to be Calvinists

Guise

Catholic faction in the French Wars of Religion

Bourbon

Protestant/Huguenot faction in the French Wars of Religion

Prince de Condé

Leader of the French Protestant faction

Theodore Beza

Protestant thinker who supported resistance to tyrannical Catholic rulers

Edict of January

Granted Huguenots limited religious freedom

Peace of Beaulieu

Gave Huguenots expanded rights and fortified safe towns

Edict of Nantes

Gave Huguenots freedom of conscience and limited religious rights

Henry de Navarre

Huguenot leader who converted to Catholicism and became king of France

Netherlands Rebellion

Protestant rebellion against Spanish Habsburg rule

80 Years' War

Another name for the Netherlands Rebellion

William Nassau

Leader of the Dutch independence movement

Union of Utrecht

Union connected to the Dutch independence movement

Elizabethan Era

Period known for English cultural growth, exploration, and relative religious stability

Golden Age of Elizabethan culture

Rise of theater, poetry, literature, and exploration

Spanish Armada

Massive Spanish fleet sent by Philip II to invade England

Spanish Armada year

1588

Philip II

King of Spain who sent the Spanish Armada against England

English Armada strategy

English used faster ships and attacked the larger Spanish fleet

Spanish Armada outcome

The English defeated the Armada, helped by a storm

Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to the spread of Protestantism

Catholic response to Protestantism

Catholics resisted Protestantism and worked to strengthen Catholicism

Jesuits

Religious society founded to spread Catholicism

Council of Trent

Major Catholic meeting that addressed issues raised by the Reformation

Catholicism in southern Germany

The Catholic Church reconverted parts of southern Germany

Catholicism in Poland

The Catholic Church reconverted Poland