Nursing Review: ADHD, Psychotic Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, and Immunity

Vocabulary flashcards covering assessment cues, psychiatric medications, diagnostic distinctions, and immunological principles discussed during the nursing lecture review.

ADHD Diagnostic Criteria

A neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed when $6$ or more symptoms are present before the age of $12$, occur in $2$ or more settings, and produce functional impairment both at home and at school.

30% Rule

A concept developed by Dr. Russell Barkley stating that individuals with ADHD experience roughly a $30\%$ developmental delay in their executive functioning compared to peers.

24 Rule

An ADHD coping strategy requiring an individual to wait a full $24\text{ hours}$ before acting on impulsive decisions, emotional reactions, or major purchases to allow the rational brain to process consequences.

Delusion

A fixed, false thought or belief held by a client despite an absolute lack of supporting evidence, such as believing the FBI implanted a microchip in their brain.

Hallucination

A false sensory perception involving sight, sound, touch, or other senses without external stimuli, such as hearing voices or seeing rats that do not exist.

Flat Affect

A negative cue of schizophrenia characterized by a blunted facial expression and a lack of emotional expression.

Anhedonia

A negative cue of schizophrenia defined as the loss of joy or pleasure in activities and hobbies that were previously enjoyable.

Anergia

A negative cue of schizophrenia characterized by a profound lack of physical energy.

Apathy

A negative cue of schizophrenia manifested as a genuine lack of interest, concern, or motivation.

Olanzapine

An atypical (second- or third-generation) antipsychotic medication requiring monitoring for metabolic syndrome, which presents with weight gain, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension.

Chlorpromazine

A typical (first-generation) antipsychotic drug that requires monitoring for extrapyramidal symptoms, agranulocytosis, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

Extrapyramidal Symptoms (EPS)

Movement side effects associated primarily with typical antipsychotics, manifesting as acute dyskinesia, akathisia, parkinsonism, muscle spasms, and tardive dyskinesia.

Agranulocytosis

A severe drop in white blood cell counts that can occur with antipsychotic therapy, placing the client at a dangerously high risk for infection.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

A potentially fatal complication commonly linked to typical antipsychotics like Haldol, characterized by high fever, diaphoresis, altered mental status, and muscle rigidity.

Bipolar I Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by full manic episodes that involve psychotic features or are severe enough to require hospitalization.

Bipolar II Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by hypomanic episodes and recurrent major depression, where the mania never requires hospitalization.

Lithium Carbonate

A mood stabilizer prescribed for bipolar disorder that necessitates client education on maintaining consistent dietary salt and consuming $2\text{ to }3\text{ L}$ of fluid daily.

Lithium Toxicity

A serious toxic condition manifesting with assessment cues such as nausea, vomiting, slurred speech, confusion, and muscle weakness.

Active Natural Immunity

Immunity that develops when an individual acquires an infection (such as the flu or chickenpox) and their body actively produces its own antibodies.

Active Artificial Immunity

Immunity achieved through the administration of a vaccine (such as the influenza vaccine) that stimulates the recipient's immune system to manufacture its own antibodies.

Passive Natural Immunity

Short-term immunity that is passed naturally from mother to infant in utero across the placenta or through breast milk without the infant's body producing antibodies.

Passive Artificial Immunity

Temporary immune protection provided by injecting external antibodies (such as immunoglobulin) into an individual after an exposure without inducing their own immune response.

Herd Immunity

Population-level protection that occurs when a high proportion of people are immune to a pathogen, suppressing its spread and shielding individuals who cannot be vaccinated.

Autoimmune Response

An immune disorder characterized by a loss of self-tolerance in which the immune system attacks the body's own healthy tissues.

Methotrexate

A disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis that requires regular laboratory monitoring of liver function tests and blood counts.