AP Human Geography Unit 2 Vocabulary - Populations (NBW)

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Arithmetic Density

The average number of people per unit of land area (usually per square mile or kilometer).

Physiological Density

The average number of people per unit area (a square mile or kilometer) of arable land.

Carrying Capacity

The number of people a particular environment or Earth as a whore can support on a sustainable basis.

Census

An official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details about individuals, such as age, sex, and race.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The average number of births per 1000 people; the traditional way of measuring birth rates.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of total population.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

How crude birth rate and crude death rate as well as the resulting rate of natural increase change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization.

Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)

Seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease.

Epidemiology

A branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants, and control of diseases and other health conditions, such as tobacco use and sedentary lifestyle.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

A measure of how many infants die within the first year of their life per 1000 live births.

Life Expectancy

The number of years a person can expect to live from birth.

Medical Revolution

The diffusion of medical technology, practices, and public health knowledge from Europe and North America into developing countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa.

Industrial Revolution

The rapid transformation of the economy through the introduction of machines, new power sources, and new chemical processes in Europe and the united states between 1760 and 1830.

Overpopulation

Occurs when the human population exceeds the food supply.

Pronatalist Policy

Designed to boost fertility rates and ultimately population growth.

Antinatalist Policy

Designed to curtail population growth by decreasing fertility rates.

Primary Sector

Industries that extract natural resources from the environment.

Secondary Sector

Industries that process the raw materials extracted by primary industries, transforming them into finished, usable form.

Tertiary Sector

Industries that provide services to businesses and consumers, including all the different types of work necessary to transport and deliver goods and resources.

Degenerative Diseases

A disease that causes deterioration over time, such as cancer, heart disease, and stroke.

Maternal Morality Rate

The annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management.

Demography

The statistical study of population and its change.

Dependency Ratio

The number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (age 15 to by) must support.

Doubling Time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface with permanent human settlement.

Population Pyramid

A very useful graphic device for comparing age and sex structure.

Sex Ratio

The ratio of the number of men to number of women in a population.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of Children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 49 years of age.

Zero Population Growth

When a country has the same number of births and deaths in a given year, it's rate of natural increase is zero.

Graying Population

A population of a country or place that ages as the number or proportion of its elderly people increases.

Cornucopian Theory

The optimistic belief that human ingenuity, technology, and free markets can overcome resource scarcity and sustain continuous population growth.

Thomas Malthus

Believes that human population grows exponentially while food production increases linearly, which will eventually lead to mass starvation and catastrophe.

Neo-Malthusian Theory

Modern update to Thomas Malthus's population model, arguing that population growth will outplace food, water, energy, and land, leading to an environmental collapse.