Unit 1 - Matter chemistry and the Environment

1st law of thermodynamic

energy is conserved, cannot be created/broken

2nd law of thermodynamics

energy will change from a more-ordered state, to a less-ordered state, as long as no force counteracts this tendency. (wood → fire → ash)

photosynthesis equation

6(C₂O) + 12(H₂O) + SUN ENERGY = C₆H₂O + 6(O₂) + 6(H₂O)

Chemosynthesis equation

6(CO₂) + 6(H₂O) + 3(H₂S) = C₆H₁₂O₆ + 3(H₂SO₄)

plate tectonics

theory that explains how earths lithosphere is divided into large moving plates

diverget

plates that push apart (ocean ridges, volcanoes, rift valleys)

ocean-ocean divergent: land forms

ocean volcano, mid-ocean ridge

continent-continent divergent: land forms

rift valleys

convergent

plates push together (volcanoes, volcanic islands, archipelagos, mountains, trenches)

ocean-continental convergence: landforms

volcanoes, trench (earthquake, volcanic eruption, tsunami)

ocean-ocean convergence: landforms

volcanic islands, trench, archipelago (earthquake, volcanic eruption, tsunami)

continental-continental convergence: landforms

mountains

transform

plates move past each other (faults)

energy conservation efficiancy

success of capturing energy, the ratio of useful output of energy to the amount we need to input

hydrothermal vents

a location in the deep ocean where heated water shoots up from the sea floor, carrying minerals that precipitate to form rocky structures (tiny ecosystems can hover around these ares deriving their energy from chemicals and the heated water rather than from sunlight)

igneous rock

when magma(lava) cools on the surface of the lithosphere

sedimentary rock

when tiny particles of weathered/eroded rock end up into waterways and overtime form into sediments

metamorphic rock

when rock is subjected to great heat/pressure, and alters its form (bend, uplift, compress, stretch)

chemosythesis

a process where organic matter living in deep sea vents use the chemical bond energy of hydrogen sulfide (HS) to transform inorganic carbon into organic carbon compounds

asthenosphere

portion of the upper mantle, contains soft rock (in some areas melted rock)

lithosphere

uppermost mantel, the crust, harder rock above the asthenosphere

mass wasting

the downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity

pyroclastic flow

fast moving cloud of toxic gas, ash, rock, fragments run down slopes, ash blocks sunlight and sulfur emissions lead to sulfuric acid haze (blocks radiation and cools temperature)

subsurface mining

miners work below the ground in shafts/tunnels to make passage ways, allows for safe tunneling

subsurface mining - environmental impacts

can collapse, creates sinkholes

open pit mining

digging a gigantic hole and removing ore along with rock surrounding the ore

open pit mining - environmental impacts

vegetation loss, habitat loss, acid drainage

strip mining

removes surface layers of soil & rock to expose resources, economically efficient

strip mining - environmental impacts

remove vegetation & nutrient rich topsoil, pollute waterways, acid rain

mountain top removal

removing the top of a moutain

mountain top removal - enviormental impact

cuts off mountain forests, valley dumping, clogs streams, habitat loss, health risk

in situ or solution mining

hole is drilled into ground & water is deposited to bring liquid metal to the surface, less surface area destroyed

in situ or solution mining - environmental impacts

acid leakage, contamination

mining reclaimation

trying to restore mining site to its original state

mining reclamation - problems

doesn’t go back to entire original state

sulfuric acid equation

O₂ + H₂O = H₂SO₄

Cyanide heap leaching

pour cyanide acid onto ore to get metal

Which of the following represents chemosynthesis

nitrogen + carbon dioxide + energy → methane + oxygen

Consider the following processes: respiration, chemosynthesis, combustion of firewood, and photosynthesis. How many of these result in the release of oxygen into the atmosphere?

1

Acid mine drainage can cause which of the following

heavy metals to be dissolved in the stream, higher temperature and lower dissolved oxygen

Reclamation of mining sites, often fails to restore natural communities.  Which of the following could result in ineffective reclamation?

water pollution from acid  mine drainage, loss of soil